scholarly journals Changing Agriculture and Climate Variability in Peri-Urban Gurugram, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Pratik Mishra ◽  
Sumit Vij
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The Village

AbstractFarmers across India are protesting the apathy of the state towards the agricultural sector, which is facing a triple crisis – economic, ecological and existential. This chapter attempts to locate the changing dynamics of agriculture at a frontier where a geographically specific articulation of this crisis comes to the fore: in Budhera, a peri-urban village bordering Gurugram city in the Indian state of Haryana. The village is still largely agrarian but undergoing rapid changes under the influence of (peri-)urbanization. Our ethnographic research investigates the juxtaposition of these urbanization processes with the more general impacts of climate variability on peri-urban agriculture. Although climate variability plays out at a larger scale than the urbanization processes, the conditions for peri-urban agriculture derive from an intersection of both. The results show how dimensions of agrarian livelihoods such as cropping choices, irrigation cycles, sharecropping arrangements, declining common property resources and land use changes to non-agricultural uses are influenced by (peri-)urbanization processes. We conclude that changes in land and water use in Budhera reshape agricultural practices and can cascade upon climate variability impacts in making agriculture more precarious for peri-urban farmers.

scholarly journals Climate Variability on Growing Season Rainfall and Temperature: its impact on sustainable agriculture in Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajiere S
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
The Impact

Rainfall and Temperature are important factors in agriculture especially in Nigeria where rain-fed agriculture is practiced extensively and agriculture contributes to food security and provides employment for urban and rural dwellers. Therefore, climate variability poses a big threat to agriculture by altering the growing season rainfall and temperature, thereby resulting to serious danger in the sustainability of food. This is why all nations of the world are concerned about the effects of climate variability on agriculture. This work therefore, examined the impact of climate variability on growing season rainfall and temperature in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria. The rainfall and temperature data were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for a period of 30 years which was analyzed using descriptive statistics, decadal distribution, trend graph anomalies and 5 year moving average. The analysis showed increasing trend in annual mean maximum, minimum temperature and decrease in mean rainfall, The third order polynomial trend shows a decrease in the anomaly of annual mean rainfall (y = -0.0002x4) and a persistent increase in the mean temperature anomaly especially in the second decade (1996-2007).The findings show that there is a notable variability in the pattern of rainfall and temperature which revealed  an  increase in temperature and decrease in growing season rainfall. This calls for serious attention as people in this part of Nigeria critically depend on rainfall for agricultural practices. It is recommended that government should support the agricultural sector by providing mechanized farming systems such as irrigation and drilling of water borehole in farm sites for agriculture, especially for the rural farmers and create awareness to the farmers on recent trends in climate issues to achieve sustainability of food.

scholarly journals Calcium and Potassium Nutrition Increases the Water Use Efficiency in Coffee: A Promising Strategy to Adapt to Climate Change

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Victor Hugo Ramírez-Builes ◽  
Jürgen Küsters
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Coffee (Coffea spp.) represents one of the most important sources of income and goods for the agricultural sector in Central America, Colombia, and the Caribbean region. The sustainability of coffee production at the global and regional scale is under threat by climate change, with a major risk of losing near to 50% of today’s suitable area for coffee by 2050. Rain-fed coffee production dominates in the region, and under increasing climate variability and climate change impacts, these production areas are under threat due to air temperature increase and changes in rainfall patterns and volumes. Identification, evaluation, and implementation of adaptation strategies for growers to cope with climate variability and change impacts are relevant and high priority. Incremental adaptation strategies, including proper soil and water management, contribute to improved water use efficiency (WUE) and should be the first line of action to adapt the coffee crop to the changing growing conditions. This research’s objective was to evaluate at field level over five years the influence of fertilization with calcium (Ca+2) and potassium (K+) on WUE in two coffee arabica varieties: cv. Castillo and cv. Caturra. Castillo has resistance against coffee leaf rust (CLR) (Hemileia vastatrix Verkeley and Brome), while Caturra is not CLR-resistant. WUE was influenced by yield changes during the years by climate variability due to El Niño–ENSO conditions and CLR incidence. Application of Ca+2 and K+ improved the WUE under such variable conditions. The highest WUE values were obtained with an application of 100 kg CaO ha−1 year−1 and between 180 to 230 kg K2O ha−1 year−1. The results indicate that adequate nutrition with Ca+2 and K+ can improve WUE in the long-term, even underwater deficit conditions and after the substantial incidence. Hence, an optimum application of Ca+2 and K+ in rain-fed coffee plantations can be regarded as an effective strategy to adapt to climate variability and climate change.

Impacts of climate and land use changes on water variability, using a Budyko framework: case study in Gansu, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Kwok Pan Chun ◽  
Omer Yetemen ◽  
Bastien Dieppois ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Climate Transition ◽  
Water And Food Security

<p>Disentangling the effects of climate and land use changes on regional hydrological conditions is critical for local water and food security. The water variability over climate transition regions at the midlatitudes is sensitive to changes in regional climate and land use. Gansu, located in northwest China, is a midlatitude climate transition region with sharp climate and vegetation gradients. In this study, the effects of climate and land‑use changes on water balances are investigated over Gansu between 1981 and 2015 using a Budyko framework. Results show that there is reduced runoff generation potential over Gansu during 1981 and 2015, especially in the southern part of the region. Based on statistical scaling relationships, local runoff generation potential over Gansu are related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Intensified El Nino conditions weaken the Asian monsoons, leading to precipitation deficits over Gansu. Moreover, the regional evapotranspiration (ET) is increasing due to the warming temperature. The decreasing precipitation and increasing ET cause the decline of runoff generation potential over Gansu. Using the dynamical downscaling model outputs, the Budyko analysis indicates that increasing coverage of forests and croplands may lead to higher ET and may reduce runoff generation potential over Gansu. Moreover, the contributions of climate variability and land‑use changes vary spatially. In the southwest part of Gansu, the impacts of climate variability on water variations are larger (around 80%) than that of land‑use changes (around 20%), while land use changes are the dominant drivers of water variability in the southeast part of the region. The decline of runoff generation potential reveals a potential risk for local water and food security over Gansu. The water‑resource assessment approach developed in this study is applicable for collaborative planning at other climate transition regions at the midlatitudes with complex climate and land types for the Belt and Road Initiative.</p>

scholarly journals Can land use changes alter carbon, nitrogen and major ion transport in subtropical brazilian streams?

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Mariano Lopes da Silva ◽  
Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto ◽  
Gré de Araújo Lobo ◽  
Walter de Paula Lima ◽  
Marcos Augusto Scaranello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Major Ion ◽  
Se Brazil ◽  
Tropical Watersheds ◽  
The Impact

Several studies in tropical watersheds have evaluated the impact of urbanization and agricultural practices on water quality. In Brazil, savannas (known regionally as Cerrados) represent 23% of the country's surface, representing an important share to the national primary growth product, especially due to intense agriculture. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive evaluation, on a yearly basis, of carbon, nitrogen and major ion fluxes in streams crossing areas under different land use (natural vegetation, sugar cane and eucalyptus) in a savanna region of SE Brazil. Eucalyptus and sugar cane alter the transport of the investigated elements in small watersheds. The highest concentration of all parameters (abiotic parameters, ions, dissolved organic carbon DOC - and dissolved inorganic carbon - DIC) were found in Sugar Cane Watersheds (SCW). The observed concentrations of major cations in Eucalyptus Watersheds (EW) (Mg, Ca, K, Na), as well as DIN and DOC, were found frequently to be intermediate values between those of Savanna Watersheds (SW) and SCW, suggesting a moderate impact of eucalyptus plantations on the streamwater. Same trends were found in relation to ion and nutrient fluxes, where the higher values corresponded to SCW. It is suggested that sugar cane plantations might be playing an important role in altering the chemistry of water bodies.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Resilience of Common-Pool Resources during Globalization: The Case of Jeju Common Ranches in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungmin Kim ◽  
Juhee Kim ◽  
Kijong Cho ◽  
Jeong-Gyu Kim ◽  
Seunghun Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Government Grants ◽  
Common Pool ◽  
Forward Stepwise ◽  
Ranch Management ◽  
Management Ratio ◽  
The Village

A common-pool resource (CPR) is a type of good consisting of a natural or human-made resource system. Jeju common ranches are historical CPRs located in Jeju Province where mid-mountainous grassland has been shared for livestock farming by the members of adjacent villages since the 10th century. Because of the recent globalization movement, the number of ranches has decreased from 126 in the 1940s to only 53 in 2015; while the majority of the ranches did not survive the transformation, others have remained active by adopting various solutions. In this study, we analyzed the administrative characteristics of the CPRs to explain their current status (i.e., extinction or continuance as a common property) using logistic regression analysis. From this analysis, four statistically meaningful variables were extracted using a forward stepwise selection method; these include the type of ranch management, ratio of land area to population, number of internal committees in the village, and number of local government grants. These variables correlate well with previously recognized ‘community resilience dimensions’ and can be used to explain the fate of the Jeju common ranches during the study period. This study elucidates what community dimensions should be fortified to promote the resilience of Jeju common ranches in order to effectively cope with the on-going effects of globalization.

scholarly journals Private Farms of Rural Population of the Republic Tatarstan in Historical and Economic Context (2000–2010-ies)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
Ilgizar R. Kaydarov
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
The Village

Introduction. In domestic historiography for many decades personal subsidiary plots were viewed as some rudiment of a non-socialist form of farming in the country’s agricultural sector. In accordance with the political principles of party ideologists, most researchers in every possible way emphasized the futility of the personal subsidiary plots and the inevitability of their soon withering away. And at the beginning of the XXI century they re-main a kind of “islands” of small business in the countryside and the main form of earnings for the total mass of rural workers. The main objective of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the current state of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of Tatarstan in the context of determining the main socio-economic indicators in relation to the study area; identification of the most important development parameters of this form of small business. Materials and Methods. The scientific study is based on source materials from various government departments (including the Tatarstan Statistical Office), newspaper and journal periodicals, as well as data from historical, economic and sociological literature. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism, complexity and objectivity. The research is based on the methods of historical science: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, systemic, etc. Results. During the study, the current state and indicators of the development of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of the Republic of Tatarstan were systematically reviewed, in particular, their participation in the structure of regional gross income. It has been established that the main branches of economic activity of peasant farmsteads are vegetable growing and productive animal husbandry. It is proved that the strengthening of the positions of large investors in the village led to the curtailment of certain branches of production of personal subsidiary plots and their transition to a consumer rate of management. Discussion and Conclusion. The intensive development of various forms of small business in the post-perestroika period, including personal subsidiary plots of the population, intensified the market diversification of the economy of the agricultural sector in general and of high-quality peasant farmsteads in particular. During the forced dismantling of the collective farm and state farm management systems and the formation of new forms of entrepreneurship, peas-ant farmsteads became not only the economic basis for the existence of the rural population, but also a form of self-preservation of many settlements.

scholarly journals Impact of Rainfall Variability on Rural Tea Roads in Kericho, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Nancy Chemutai Koech ◽  
Sammy C. Letema ◽  
James Kibii Koske
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Rural Road ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Period Pattern ◽  
Emergency Funds

Climate variability is a global phenomenon that is posing a threat to the infrastructure and agricultural sector. Intense precipitation often results in the deterioration of rural road infrastructure resulting in inaccessibility. Rainfall and temperature data from 1989 to 2019 was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department. Data on Greenleaf and cost of repairs and maintenances are from selected tea factories managed by Kenya Tea Development Agency. Data on perception is based on a questionnaire survey of 398 randomly selected tea farmers. Results show that climate variability is experienced in Kericho (p < 0.005). There is a varsity variation in mean maximum temperatures F(0.05, 29) ꞊ 5.564 (p ꞊ 0.009) and mean minimum temperature F(29) =8.503 (p ꞊  0.000). However, the linear regression analysis shows that rainfall has decreased (y ꞊ 2.5476x - 40.778) while the temperature has increased (y ꞊ 0.028x - 0.4473). There is a significant positive correlation between the amount of rainfall and cost of repairs and maintenances for five factories (r ꞊ 0.122, r = 0.046, r = 0.029, r = 0.255) except one (r = -.261, p ꞊ .466). Therefore, the climate has significantly varied from 1989-2019 and heavy rains occur periodically that damage rural tea roads, thus impacting negatively on tea transportation. There is a need, therefore, for heavy investment of emergency funds for repair and maintenance of rural tea roads based on rainfall variability and heavy rain return period pattern.

Determinants of Human-Elephant Conflict in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Southern India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashokkumar Mohanarangan ◽  
Sakthivel Chinnaiyan ◽  
Sudhakar Kaliyaperumal ◽  
Swaminathan Shanmugavelu ◽  
Ajay A Desai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Tiger Reserve ◽  
The Village

Abstract Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a negative interaction between elephants and humans. HEC affects local community livelihood and the success of elephant conservation. The Asian elephant population and HEC were studied in the Niligiri Biosphere Reserve in the year 1992 (Balasubramanian et al. 1995) using this information as baseline data. We have studied HEC in the selected 14 villages located in the Moist Deciduous forest and Thorn forest areas of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve from Nov 2006 to Mar 2008, which were part of the earlier study. The data on crop species, elephant damages, protection method and land-use changes concerning HEC were collected fortnightly by direct enumeration and questionnaire survey. A total of 297 crop damage incidences were recorded. The crop-raiding pattern and the peaks in raiding are during monsoon periods were similar to the earlier study. A total of seven people were killed and six were injured by the attack of elephants in the ten years (1998 to 2008) and results in 1.3 incidences/year. The overall crop damage has declined from 2.1% in the early 1990s to 0.98%. The spatial location of HEC indicated that the mean damage percent was higher in the peripheral areas (1.51%) than in the center of the village (0.18%). There is a major shift from crops grown for food (finger millet) to commercial reasons. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the effective perimeter length (perimeter with cultivation) and total area of cultivation had a primary influence on the crop damage, followed by the area of degradation around the village and percent edible crops in the boundary. Further, logistic regression on crop-raiding incidences with the independent predictors indicated that among habitats in the MDF the crop-raiding incidences were 95% higher than that of TF. Palatable crop species plantain, paddy, finger millet and vegetable crops were 391% raided more frequently than the non-palatable species. Crops with protection methods were 22% less frequently damaged than the crops without any protection. Thus changes in the crop species, improved protection and land-use changes have reduced HEC in the adjacent areas of Mudumalai TR. The resettlement of villages from the core area of reserve in MDF would greatly reduce HEC in MTR.

Climate variability controlled the development of the pre-Viking society during the Late Antiquity in Southeastern Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Bajard ◽  
Eirik Ballo ◽  
Helge I. Høeg ◽  
Jostein Bakke ◽  
Eivind Støren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Climate Variations ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Lake Productivity ◽  
Crop Farming ◽  
Zero Hunger

&lt;p&gt;Understanding how agricultural societies were impacted and adapted to past climate variations is critical to face to contemporary climate change and guaranty the food security (#SDG2 Zero Hunger). However, linking climate and change in the behaviour of a population are difficult to evidence. Here, we studied the climate variations of the period between 200 and 1300 CE and its impact on the pre-Viking and Viking societies in Southeastern Norway, including the adaptation and resilience of the agricultural management. This period includes, between 300 and 800 CE, one of the coldest period of the last 2000 years. We used a retrospective approach combining a multi-proxy analysis of lake sediments, including geochemical and palynological analyses, to reconstruct past changes in temperature and agricultural practices during the period 200-1300 CE. We associated variations in Ca/Ti ratio as a result of change in lake productivity with the temperature. The periods 200-300 and 800-1300 CE were warmer than the period between 300 and 800 CE, which is known as the &amp;#8220;Dark Ages Cold Period&amp;#8221; in the Northern Hemisphere. During this colder period, phases dominated by grazing activities (280-420 CE, 480-580 CE, 700-780 CE) alternated with phases dominated by the cultivation of cereals and hemp (before 280 CE, 420-480 CE, 580-700 CE, and after 800 CE). The alternation of these phases is synchronous of temperature changes. Cold periods are associated to livestock farming, and warmer periods to crop farming. This result suggests that when temperature no longer allowed crop farming, the food production specialized in animal breeding. The result of a Principal Component Analysis show a succession of phases of crisis, adaptation and resilience of the socio-environmental system. The Viking Age (800-1000 CE) started with an increase in temperature and corresponds to the warmest period between 200 and 1300 CE, allowing a larger development of the agriculture practices and society. Our results prove that the pre-Viking society adapted their agricultural practices to the climate variability of the Late Antiquity and that the Vikings expanded with climate warming.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals On the issue of scientific research of rural youth of Yakutia 1970-1980-s

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Petr Egorov ◽  
Anna Adamenko ◽  
Terenty Ermolaev
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The article discusses the history of the study of rural youth in Yakutia in the 70-80s. XX century through a historiographic review of scientific works on the youth problem. During the period under review, the role of rural youth increased, she began to actively participate in the socio-economic processes taking place in the countryside, and represented a significant share and the main resource of labor replenishment for the agricultural sector of the economy. In studies of the 70s - early 80s. emphasis was placed on the social aspects of scientific and technological progress, the impact of industrialization and intensification of agricultural production on the social structure of the rural population, and the improvement of its professional, cultural and technical level. Since the mid-1980s, research has begun to raise many complex problems related to rural lifestyles, and especially on such important changes as rural life, spiritual and material needs and needs of various population groups, in particular rural youth, factors and prospects of youth movement between the village and the city. It was established that scientific research allowed to expand scientific ideas about the rural youth of Yakutia, its social dynamics, determining its place and role in society.

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