Supporting the development of scientific understanding when constructing an evolving explanation

We explore how students developed an integrated understanding of scientific ideas and how they applied their understandings in new situations. We examine the incremental development of 7th grade students’ scientific ideas across four iterations of a scientific explanation related to a freshwater system. We demonstrate that knowing how to make use of scientific ideas to explain phenomena needs to be learned just as developing integrated understanding of scientific ideas needs to be learned. Students participated in an open-ended, long-term project-based learning unit, constructing one explanation over time to address, “How healthy is our stream for freshwater organisms and how do our actions on land potentially impact the water quality of the stream?” The explanation developed over several weeks as new data were collected and analyzed. Students discussed evidence by revisiting scientific ideas and including new scientific ideas. This research investigates two questions: (1) As students engage in writing a scientific explanation over time, to what extent do they develop integrated understanding of appropriate scientific ideas? and (2) When writing about new evidence, do these earlier experiences of writing explanations enable students to make use of new scientific ideas in more sophisticated ways? In other words, do earlier experiences allow students to know how to make use of their ideas in these new situations? The results indicated statistically significant effects. Through various iterations of the explanation students included richer discussion using appropriate scientific ideas. Students were also able to make better use of new knowledge in new situations.

Similarity, does it necessary mean plagiarism? Stop intentional and exaggerated paraphrasing

During the last two decades, programs have been relied on to detect scientific plagiarism, as it is found that some authors use previous published results or scientific ideas without attributing them to their original authors. But the term similarity has been confused with scientific plagiarism. This led to the need for procedures that are not justified by intuition of mind, and led to the difficulty of conducting important research, unnecessary time wasting and difficulties.

Cash Benefits in Social Welfare: Transformation of Legislation and Scientific Approaches to the Definition of Employed Concepts

The article analyzes the shortcomings of the conceptual apparatus characteristic of the right for social security in designating the types of social security provided in monetary form. In particular, there is a lack of necessary definitions (including key concepts such as "benefits" and "compensation"); lack of uniformity of terms (foregoing, the term "compensation" in some sources is used in the sense of "reimbursement of costs incurred by a person", traditional for the science of labor law, and in others a "civilized" approach to compensation as payments aimed at restoring the property sphere in case of encroachments on intangible goods is applied); "doubling" of concepts (for example, the appearance of "insurance payments" along with insurance "benefits"). Based on the analysis of the current legislation, it is concluded that there is no consistent distinction between the concepts of "benefits", "compensation", and other monetary payments. Nevertheless, a retrospective analysis of the sources of social security law, as well as ideas and approaches formed in science (not without the influence of the science of labor law), allows us to define certain types of social security payments. Unfortunately, they are not always reflected in the legislation on social security, as a result of which the scientific ideas themselves are undergoing changes, in particular, the criteria determining the essence of various social security payments are being enough. It seems that the directions for improving the system of sources of social security law should be the rejection of excessive terminological diversity in determining the types of social security, as well as the orientation to the approaches developed in science to their definition.Thus, it is proposed to use the category of benefits as a universal concept, referring to it social security payments in cash, which do not have specific features of other social security payments.

Идентичность как причина появления сепаратистских тенденций (на примере Украины)

The intensification of separatism in Ukraine in 2014 became possible due to profound changes in the worldview of a significant part of the population, which manifested in the changing of national self-identification. The purpose of the article is to clarify scientific ideas about the essence and relationship of separatism and identity on the example of Donbas. The article argues for the idea of the absence of an ethnic marker in the conflict in Donbass, where separatism is based on the specific regional identity, to which, through the efforts of Russian propaganda, the cultural, ideological, civilizational characteristics of the «Russian world» are added.

Department of documentary heritage objects as a scientific and cultural project (based on materials of history and modern activity of Korolenko Kharkiv State Scientific Library)

The scientific topicality. Library departments of documentary heritage objects, corresponding stocks and collections of documents which belong to movable heritage objects of national and world culture need special attention from the point of view of the history of their formation, the modern scientific organization and disclosure, that is the relevance of the subject of the present research. Problem statement. Modern scientific ideas concerning departments of documentary heritage objects at libraries need wide conceptual generalizations at an interdisciplinary level. Such approach offered in our article allows not to be limited only by factual knowledge, chronicle narratives, highly specialized observations and analytics. The methodology of this study are systemic and historical approaches and a problem analysis. The results. The article elucidates specific character of the subdivision of documentary heritage objects as one of the most important library cultural and scientific projects, describes conditions of genesis, the main stages of formation, peculiarities of functioning and development of such subdivision at Korolenko Kharkiv State Scientific Library, in particular in the modern socio-communicative environment. The novelty. The article proves that a characteristic feature of the activities of the department of documentary heritage objects at a scientific library is multi-functionality, and in the modern conditions such department combines in ifs activities functions of research, scientific and educational institutions, information center and production and service center. The practical significance. Offered and substantiated in the article conceptual view of library department of documentary heritage objects as a modern scientific and cultural project can be the basis for systematic work on improvement of such departments at scientific libraries of Ukraine.

CROHN’S DISEASE IN CHILDREN: THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM

Crohn's disease (CD) is chronic recurrent bowel disease of unknown etiology, characterized by segmental transmural granulomatous inflammation, mainly with the development of local and systemic complications. Despite the active development of conservative therapy methods, the number of drug-resistant forms of CD and complications of the disease requiring surgical treatment continues to increase. The article reflects modern scientific ideas about the methods of diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment of CD in children.

Graphical integrity issues in open access publications: Detection and patterns of proportional ink violations

Academic graphs are essential for communicating complex scientific ideas and results. To ensure that these graphs truthfully reflect underlying data and relationships, visualization researchers have proposed several principles to guide the graph creation process. However, the extent of violations of these principles in academic publications is unknown. In this work, we develop a deep learning-based method to accurately measure violations of the proportional ink principle (AUC = 0.917), which states that the size of shaded areas in graphs should be consistent with their corresponding quantities. We apply our method to analyze a large sample of bar charts contained in 300K figures from open access publications. Our results estimate that 5% of bar charts contain proportional ink violations. Further analysis reveals that these graphical integrity issues are significantly more prevalent in some research fields, such as psychology and computer science, and some regions of the globe. Additionally, we find no temporal and seniority trends in violations. Finally, apart from openly releasing our large annotated dataset and method, we discuss how computational research integrity could be part of peer-review and the publication processes.

THE EVOLUTION OF MAN IN THE «PHENOMENON OF MAN» BY PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN

Несмотря на многообразие современных научных знаний проблема человека и его эволюции остается актуальной в интердисциплинарной перспективе. Анализ одной из таких эволюционных моделей, созданной французским философом Пьером Тейяром де Шарденом в его труде «Феномен Человека», является целью статьи. В ее формате рассмотрены философские, теологические и научные идеи, позволившие этому автору создать собственное оригинальное видение феномена человека, до сих пор оживленно обсуждаемое представителями различных научных дисциплин, философами и теологами. Despite the diversity of contemporary scientific knowledge, the problem of man and his evolution remains relevant in an interdisciplinary perspective. The analysis of one of such evolutionary models created by the French philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in his work «The Phenomenon of Man» is the aim of this article. In its format, philosophical, theological and scientific ideas that allowed this author to create his own original vision of the human phenomenon are considered. They are still actively discussed by representatives of various scientific disciplines, philosophers and theologians.

Singer of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks: F. F. Tyutchev in the Russian-Japanese War

Russian Army and Border guard Colonel Fyodor Fyodorovich Tyutchev (1860–1916), a well – known chronicler of the Russian army and the border guard, served in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.The purpose of the publication is a comprehensive description of the stay in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904– 1905. The work used sources that had not been previously introduced into scientific circulation, which allowed analyzing the formation of F. F. Tyutchev as a military professional, as well as concretizing the literary and aesthetic concept of the writer. Russian-Japanese War correspondent F. F. Tyutchev, being a correspondent of the newspaper Novoe Vremya, promptly transmitted “hot” information about the affairs of the Russian army to the editorial office. The writer collecting material for future literary works talked with the participants of the Japanese campaign, valuing the opportunity to have conversations not only with the lower ranks who were on the front line but also with the generals whose decisions the outcome of hostilities sometimes depended on. According to the works by Fyodor Fedorovich, we can judge not only the events that took place in the Far East but also analyze the writer’s civil and author’s position, investigate his philosophical beliefs on what is happening, clarify his thoughts, compare the assessments given to him from what he saw and experienced in the war. The presented article develops scientific ideas and traditions in the field of national historiography, generalizing and analyzing individual, previously unknown materials about the Russian-Japanese war and its participants. F. F. Tyutchev, being on the staff of the 1st Argun regiment not only participated in the fighting but also proved himself as a talented artist of the word, conveying the truth of the Japanese campaign in his writings, creating a portrait gallery of the personnel of the regiments of the Trans-Baikal Cossack army.

‘You never need an analyst with Bobby around’: The mid-20th-century human sciences in Sondheim and Furth's musical Company

This article offers a case study in how historians of science can use musical theater productions to understand the cultural reception of scientific ideas. In 1970, Stephen Sondheim and George Furth's musical Company opened on Broadway. The show engaged with and reflected contemporary theories and ideas from the human sciences; Company's portrayal of its 35-year-old bachelor protagonist, his married friends, and his girlfriends reflected present-day theories from psychoanalysis, sexology, and sociology. In 2018, when director Marianne Elliott revived the show with a female protagonist, Company once again amplified contemporary dilemmas around human sciences expertise—this time, the biological fertility clock. Through Company, Sondheim and Furth—and later Elliott—constructed arguments about modern society that paralleled those put forth by contemporary human scientists, including psychoanalytic models of the mind, the lonely crowd phenomenon, and shifting conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Because of their wide popularity and potential for readaptation, musicals such as Company offer a promising source base for analyzing the relationship between contemporary society and scientific expertise in specific historical contexts.