scholarly journals Variation of the modulus of elasticity of aligner foil sheet materials due to thermoforming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Golkhani ◽  
Anna Weber ◽  
Ludger Keilig ◽  
Susanne Reimann ◽  
Christoph Bourauel
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Sheet Materials ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lateral Walls

Abstract Objective Investigate and compare the mechanical properties of different aligner materials before and after deep drawing and determine differences in the mechanical properties after thermoforming. Materials and methods Four aligner film sheets from three manufacturers (Duran Plus® [Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany]; Zendura® [ClearCorrect, Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA]; Essix ACE® and Essix® PLUS™ [Dentsply Sirona Deutschland, Bensheim, Germany]) were tested in 3‑point bending with support distances of 8, 16, and 24 mm. Dimension of the specimens was 10 × 50 mm2. Two groups each were tested: (1) 10 specimens were investigated in the as-received state (before thermoforming), (2) 10 specimens were deep drawn on a master plate with cuboids of the dimension 10 × 10 × 50 mm3. Then, specimens were cut out of the upper side and lateral walls and were measured in 3‑point bending. Forces and reduction in thickness were measured and corrected theoretical forces of drawn sheets after thickness reduction as well as Young’s modulus were calculated. Results At a support distance of 8 mm and a displacement of 0.25 mm Essix® PLUS™, having the highest thickness in untreated state, showed highest forces of 28.2 N, followed by Duran Plus® (27.3 N), Essix ACE® (21.0 N) and Zendura® (19.7 N). Similar results were registered for the other distances (16, 24 mm). Thermoforming drastically reduced thickness and forces in the bending tests. Forces decreased to around 10% or less for specimens cut from the lateral walls. Young’s modulus decreased significantly for deep drawn foil sheets, especially for Essix® PLUS™. Conclusions Three-point bending is an appropriate method to compare different foil sheet materials. Young’s modulus is significantly affected by thermoforming.

Evaluation of Young’s modulus of RE123 bulk superconductors by three point bending tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 445-448 ◽  
pp. 422-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sato ◽  
K. Katagiri ◽  
T. Hokari ◽  
Y. Hatakeyama ◽  
A. Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Bulk Superconductors

Influence of Heat and Loading Time on the Mechanical Properties of Calamus merrillii Becc.

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Abasolo ◽  
H. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Yoshida ◽  
K. Mitsui ◽  
T. Okuyama
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Creep Compliance ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Hemicellulose Content ◽  
Basic Behavior

Summary The influence of heat and loading time on the mechanical properties of Calamus merrillii Becc. was evaluated by measurement of dynamic Young's modulus and creep compliance at different temperature settings. Young's modulus decreased steadily as temperature was elevated. Creep compliance, on the other hand, increased steadily with loading time, similar to wood. Compliance rates were more or less the same at all temperature settings except for one particular temperature which deviated extremely from the rest. This temperature indirectly represents the softening temperature. Reduction in strength caused by heat was highly influenced by the cellular composition of the stem as well as the sensitivity of its basic chemical constituents, e.g., hemicellulose content, to heat. Knowing this basic behavior of rattan stems will enable manufacturers to design rattan products more efficiently.

scholarly journals Correlations of Geometry and Infill Degree of Extrusion Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Components

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5173
Author(s):  
Tobias Rosnitschek ◽  
Andressa Seefeldt ◽  
Bettina Alber-Laukant ◽  
Thomas Neumeyer ◽  
Volker Altstädt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Metal Extrusion

This study focuses on the effect of part geometry and infill degrees on effective mechanical properties of extrusion additively manufactured stainless steel 316L parts produced with BASF’s Ultrafuse 316LX filament. Knowledge about correlations between infill degrees, mechanical properties and dimensional deviations are essential to enhance the part performance and further establish efficient methods for the product development for lightweight metal engineering applications. To investigate the effective Young’s modulus, yield strength and bending stress, standard testing methods for tensile testing and bending testing were used. For evaluating the dimensional accuracy, the tensile and bending specimens were measured before and after sintering to analyze anisotropic shrinkage effects and dimensional deviations linked to the infill structure. The results showed that dimensions larger than 10 mm have minor geometrical deviations and that the effective Young’s modulus varied in the range of 176%. These findings provide a more profound understanding of the process and its capabilities and enhance the product development process for metal extrusion-based additive manufacturing.

Target Shape Optimization of Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy Compliant Mechanism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Jovanova ◽  
Mary Frecker ◽  
Reginald F. Hamilton ◽  
Todd A. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Target Shape ◽  
Young’S Modulus Of Elasticity

Nickel Titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit shape memory and/or superelastic properties, enabling them to demonstrate multifunctionality by engineering microstructural and compositional gradients at selected locations. This paper focuses on the design optimization of NiTi compliant mechanisms resulting in single-piece structures with functionally graded properties, based on user-defined target shape matching approach. The compositionally graded zones within the structures will exhibit an on demand superelastic effect (SE) response, exploiting the tailored mechanical behavior of the structure. The functional grading has been approximated by allowing the geometry and the superelastic properties of each zone to vary. The superelastic phenomenon has been taken into consideration using a standard nonlinear SMA material model, focusing only on 2 regions of interest: the linear region of higher Young’s modulus of elasticity and the superelastic region with significantly lower Young’s modulus of elasticity. Due to an outside load, the graded zones reach the critical stress at different stages based on their composition, position and geometry, allowing the structure morphing. This concept has been used to optimize the structures’ geometry and mechanical properties to match a user-defined target shape structure. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (NSGA II - Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) for constrained optimization of the structure’s mechanical properties and geometry has been developed and implemented.

scholarly journals Rapid methods for the evaluation of total phenol content and extractability in intact grape seeds of Cabernet-Sauvignon: instrumental mechanical properties and FT-NIR spectrum

OENO One ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rolle ◽  
Fabrizio Torchio ◽  
Bénédicte Lorrain ◽  
Simone Giacosa ◽  
Susana Río Segade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Young’S Modulus Of Elasticity

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Fourier Transform-Near Infrared (FT-NIR) spectrum and instrumental texture parameters were assessed as total phenol content and extractability predictors in intact grape seeds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>:The study was carried out on Cabernet-Sauvignon seeds from grapes harvested at six different advanced physiological stages throughout ripening and calibrated by flotation to reduce the in-field heterogeneity inside each sample. Among the instrumental mechanical properties tested (i. e., break force, break energy, Young’s modulus of elasticity and deformation index), the seed Young’s modulus of elasticity showed an increase during the first four weeks of ripening. This parameter also showed significant correlations with phenol content and extractability, although with low R coefficients. These correlations highlighted that the springier seed tissues greatly increase phenol extractability. Nevertheless, the best prediction of seed phenol content, performed directly on intact seeds, was found using FT-NIR spectroscopy in transmittance mode. The standard error of prediction for total phenol content was less than 8 %, while that for phenol extractability was worse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: On the basis of these results, the two analytical methods could be applied in oenology for the rapid monitoring of seed phenolic maturity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The phenolic composition of grapes at the harvest time is a key factor determining their quality, and thus the quality of the finished wine. The chemical methods used for the determination of seed phenol content and extractability are generally slow because they require a preliminary extraction. Therefore, a rapid evaluation of these parameters could be highly interesting for the oenological sector.</p>

scholarly journals Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Plantar Fascia in Flexible Flatfoot: A Noninvasive In Vivo Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Qian ◽  
Zhende Jiang ◽  
Jianan Wu ◽  
Fei Chang ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Peak Pressures ◽  
Morphology And Mechanical Properties

Plantar fascia plays an important role in human foot biomechanics; however, the morphology and mechanical properties of plantar fascia in patients with flexible flatfoot are unknown. In this study, 15 flexible flatfeet were studied, each plantar fascia was divided into 12 positions, and the morphologies and mechanical properties in the 12 positions were measured in vivo with B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography (SWE). Peak pressures under the first to fifth metatarsal heads (MH) were measured with FreeStep. Statistical analysis included 95% confidence interval, intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC1,1), one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and least significant difference. The results showed that thickness and Young’s modulus of plantar fascia were the largest at the proximal fascia (PF) and decreased gradually from the proximal end to the distal end. Among the five distal branches (DB) of the fascia, the thickness and Young’s modulus of the second and third DB were larger. The peak pressures were also higher under the second and third MH. This study found a gradient distribution in that the thickness and Young’s modulus gradient decreased from the proximal end to the distal end of plantar fascia in the longitudinal arch of flexible flatfeet. In the transverse arch, the thickness and Young’s modulus under the second and third DB were larger than those under the other three DB in flexible flatfoot, and the peak pressures under the second and third MH were also larger than those under the other three MH in patients with flexible flatfoot. These findings deepen our understanding of the changes of biomechanical properties and may be meaningful for the study of pathological mechanisms and therapy for flexible flatfoot.

scholarly journals Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb2S3 nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 278-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liga Jasulaneca ◽  
Raimonds Meija ◽  
Alexander I Livshits ◽  
Juris Prikulis ◽  
Subhajit Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Increasing Trend

In this study we address the mechanical properties of Sb2S3 nanowires and determine their Young’s modulus using in situ electric-field-induced mechanical resonance and static bending tests on individual Sb2S3 nanowires with cross-sectional areas ranging from 1.1·104 nm2 to 7.8·104 nm2. Mutually orthogonal resonances are observed and their origin explained by asymmetric cross section of nanowires. The results obtained from the two methods are consistent and show that nanowires exhibit Young’s moduli comparable to the value for macroscopic material. An increasing trend of measured values of Young’s modulus is observed for smaller thickness samples.

New Method to Determine Young’s Modulus of Micro Crystal Based on Raman Spectrometer

2008 ◽  
Vol 272 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sheng Bo Sang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Frequency Measurement ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Tension Test ◽  
Bulge Test ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Beam Bending

With the development of MEMS, the mechanical properties of micro crystals must to be determined to know the defect, reliability and characterization of MEMS. Young’s modulus is one of the most important properties, which indicates the ability of resisting the elastic deformation. Many methods, such as natural frequency measurement, beam bending tests, membrane bulge test and uniaxial tension test, have been used to measure Young’s modulus of Si, SiN and metals. But there are some limitations when they are used to measure micro crystals in MEMS. This paper puts forward a high accuracy and convenient method----using Raman spectrum to measure Young’s modulus of micro crystals in MEMS, and sets up the measurement system. Measured Young’s modulus of Si and GaAs in [100] crystallographic orientation are 161.113GPa and 84.128GPa respectively, which correspond with the Yong’s modulus in common use now. Based on the values, it can be analyzed if there are some defects in the micro crystals.

Mechanical Properties of Porous Titanium Compacts Reinforced by UHMWPE

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 1033-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Nomura ◽  
Y. Baba ◽  
A. Kawamura ◽  
S. Fujinuma ◽  
Akihiko Chiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Porous Titanium ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Porous Ti ◽  
Ti Powder ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

Porous Ti compacts reinforced by ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were fabricated and their mechanical properties were evaluated. Ti powder atomized by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) was sintered at temperatures ranging from 1473 K to 1673 K for 7.2 ks in a vacuum. The porous Ti compacts contain the porosity of about 40%, irrespective of the sintering temperature. Porous Ti/UHMWPE composites were successfully fabricated by compressing UHMWPE powder into the porous Ti compacts. The compacts exhibit open pore structure and enables the penetration of UHMWPE into pores in the compacts. Young’s modulus of the composites is higher than that of the porous Ti compacts. The increment in Young’s modulus is not simply explained by the rule of mixture because Young’s modulus of the UHMWPE is approximately 1.3 GPa. Three-point bending strength of the composites is improved, presumably due to the local stress relief by UHMWPE in the vicinity of neck in the composites.

scholarly journals Experimental work for mechanical properties of brick and masonry panel

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Saroj Phaiju ◽  
Prachand Man Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
The World ◽  
Young’S Modulus Of Elasticity

The use of Masonry panels in building construction has been popular in most of the parts of the world. However, the use of bricks and brick masonry in different parts of the world being of different nature in terms of quality, size, workmanship of construction, etc. It is yet a topic of interest to researchers to identify the mechanical properties, like Young’s modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry panels. It is essential to know the characteristic of brick masonry panels in order to evaluate the responses of masonry walls for any kind of loading. Individual bricks do possess better compressive capacity as compared to masonry walls. Masonry walls are bound together with either mud mortar or by cement sand mortars of various mixes as per the strength requirements. The essential strength properties in engineering are basically the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard is the most popular for testing bricks and brick masonry for these properties so far. Here, the study has been concentrated in finding the compressive strength of brick, mortar and brick masonry. The study is also done for Young’s modulus of elasticity of brick as well as that of masonry wall. Similarly, the study is extended to find the modulus of rigidity of brick masonry panel. The study is done experimentally for the samples that are generally used in Kathmandu, Nepal. The samples include bricks, cement and sand particularly available in Kathmandu region.

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