513. The effect of different cream treatments during the pasteurization process on the size distribution of fat globules in cream and butter

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dolby
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Microscope Slide ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Counting Chamber

A method for determining the size distribution of fat globules in cream has been described. A thin film (20 μ) of the diluted cream on a microscope slide is preferred to a deeper preparation (0·1 mm.) in a counting chamber in which rise of fat globules to the upper surface is necessary for easy observation. The latter method is less convenient and can give too low an estimate of the proportion of the smallest globules (1 μ and under).Cream should be diluted 1 in 50 and the concentration of gelatin in the dilution should be sufficient (4–6%) to give a rapid gel formation. The mixture should be cooled till the gelatin thickens before being transferred to the slide if it is to give the most uniform distribution of globules.It is shown that Vacreator-treatment of cream causes a considerable increase in the proportion of fat present as globules less than 2 μ and a small increase in the proportion present as globules over 10 μ in diameter. Flash-pasteurization, on the other hand, causes a slight decrease in the proportion of fat present as small globules and a considerable increase in that present as large globules.Butter from flash-pasteurized cream contains numerous large fat globules and fat aggregates, while butter from Vacreator-treated cream contains few large globules. It is suggested that the more uniform subdivision of fat in butter from Vacreator-treated cream explains why butter from Vacreator-treated cream is superior in texture to butter from flash-pasteurized cream.

Impact of Fuel Preparation System on Combustion Process and Exhaust Emissions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pischinger ◽  
M. Umierski
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Other Hand

In the past decade, the quality of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) has not improved or even declined in general. The progress in refinery techniques allowed to use a higher percentage of the crude oil for light fuels and other components. Therefore, the concentration of heavy components and agglomerates in the residual fuel increased. On the other hand, a better exhaust quality without compromising the superior fuel consumption of HFO-fuelled engines can only be gained by improved fuel injection. High injection pressures, rate shaping and electronic control of injection timing as well as new injection techniques like Common-Rail will be common features of engines for the next decades. Unfortunately, electronic controlled unit pumps and moreover, Common Rail systems are very sensitive to fuel quality, especially the content of water, sediments, agglomerates and other sludge. If ran on fuel processed by today’s fuel preparation system, wear would be excessive or damages will take place. On the other hand, if conventional on-board purification is intensified, the percentage of fuel deposit will rise and lower the over-all efficiency. To observe effects of fuel composition, a single cylinder research engine (250 mm bore/320 mm stroke) is fuelled by HFO in typical operation modes including different speeds and loads. Diesel fuel was also used to compare the results with another fuel of e.g. different sulphur content to separate effects on particulate matter. The high, typical sulphur content of the used HFO of about 3% increases the particulate matter; approx. 30% are sulphur products. The Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF, unburned fuel and oil) of PM is significantly higher compared to diesel fuel (50...70% to 10%). This impacts the particulate size distribution as well: although the main fraction of particulates consist of a size from 100...400nm for diesel and HFO, the number of small particulates (approx. 50 nm) is different, depending on the Sulphur content as this size consists of small condensates; therefore, the number may also be impacted by ambient air humidity. By use of different components for fuel preparation, the size, distribution and content of agglomerates can be impacted, but re-agglomeration occurs fast within minutes and must be taken into account. The differences in agglomerates does not result in a different total exhaust particulate mass. The slight effects found within the test are not significant and are in addition to that affected by ambient conditions. The fuel preparation, especially the use of homogenization equipment, needs more development efforts. For example, a mechanical homogenization apparatus can crack agglomerates and improve fuel homogeneity, but may fail to bring the size of agglomerates to a dimension that the filter is relieved.

687. Changes in size of fat globules in cream during Vacreator treatment

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dolby
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Direct Steam ◽  
Flash Boiling ◽  
Different Parts

The size distribution of fat globules was determined microscopically in cream samples taken from different parts of the Vacreator during treatment of cream.A considerable increase in numbers of small globules (splitting) was found in samples which had passed the equilibrium valve. Smaller increases took place in the pasteurizing chamber and in the extractor pump. Increase in numbers of large globules (clumping) occurred in the cooler section.Splitting of globules could be reduced: in the pasteurizer by reducing velocity of incoming steam; at the equilibrium valve by reducing the vacuum drop across the valve or by introducing part of the steam at the infuser instead of into the pasteurizer.It is concluded that splitting of globules in the Vacreator is due to a homogenizing effect where steam and cream travel at a high velocity. Flash-boiling causes clumping but not splitting of globules. These conclusions should apply to any equipment for pasteurization or deodorization of cream with direct steam.The thanks of the author are due to Mr J. Singleton (Superintendent) and Mr B. Le Heron (Buttermaker) of the Institute factory for arranging and carrying out Vacreator treatments of cream, to Dr F. H. McDowall for helpful advice and criticism and to Mrs R. P. Haverkamp for assistance in measuring fat globules.

scholarly journals Uniform distribution and algorithmic randomness

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Avigad
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weyl’S Theorem ◽  
Algorithmic Randomness ◽  
Random Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Random Reals ◽  
Null Set

AbstractA seminal theorem due to Weyl [14] states that if (an) is any sequence of distinct integers, then, for almost every x ∈ ℝ, the sequence (anx) is uniformly distributed modulo one. In particular, for almost every x in the unit interval, the sequence (anx) is uniformly distributed modulo one for every computable sequence (an) of distinct integers. Call such an x UD random. Here it is shown that every Schnorr random real is UD random, but there are Kurtz random reals that are not UD random. On the other hand, Weyl's theorem still holds relative to a particular effectively closed null set, so there are UD random reals that are not Kurtz random.

0.35 μm Technologies in Japan

1995 ◽  
Vol 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamaro Kikkawa ◽  
Isami Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Annealing ◽  
Rapid Thermal Annealing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Rule ◽  
Gate Electrodes ◽  
Diffusion Layers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dual Gate

AbstractThis paper describes silicide and salicide technologies in Japan for 0.35 μm CMOS ULSIs and beyond. Polycide gate electrodes have been developed for CMOS devices from 1.0 μm to 0.35 μm design rule regime, in which Wsi2 has been used dominantly as a silicide gate material. On the other hand, silicide films are formed selectively on source/drain diffusion layers by salicide techniques, in which TiSi2 is used as a salicide material. TiSi2 is also used as a salicide material of both gate electrodes and source/drain diffusion layers for dual gate (n+/p+) CMOS. The TiSi2 thin film is formed by Ti sputtering and subsequent rapid thermal annealing. A preamorphization technique before Ti sputtering has been developed to obtain equal silicide properties on p+ and n+ diffusion layers. A high-temperature Ti sputtering technique has been developed in conjunction with pre-amorphization. CoSi2 and NiSi have also been developed as salicide materials for quartermicron CMOS and beyond.

scholarly journals 369 THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-AND POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS ON WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 484a-484
Author(s):  
Abdel Hameed M. Wassel ◽  
Moawad Abdel Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Postharvest Treatments

Different treatments were carried out inluding that achieved in the modern packing houses which are established for preparing citrus fruits for export. Decay of Washington navel oranges was reduced due to spraying benlate at 500 and 750 ppm as a preharvest treatment. Fruits coated with thin film of wax containing benlate were less susceptible to decay than any other treatment including that carried out in the packing houses. On the other hand no adverse effect could be noticed for this treatment on the chemical properties of the fruils. Thereby, the disinfectant process which is followed by rinsing could be eliminated, conseqently, raising the productive capacity of these packing houses.

Distribution of soluble heavy metals between ionic and complexed forms in a saturated sediment as affected by pH and redox conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Patrick ◽  
M. Verloo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Size Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
Redox Conditions ◽  
Soluble Organic Matter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Reducing Conditions

Research was undertaken to determine the effects of pH and redox potential on heavy metal speciation and on the size distribution of the organo-metal complexes in the soluble fraction of sediment-water systems. A cation exchange technique was effective in separating free and complexed metal ions. Fe, Mn and Zn differed in the extent of complexation with soluble organic matter. Under reducing conditions approximately two thirds of the soluble Fe was in a complexed form that was not sorbed in passing through the cation exchange resin. Soluble Mn on the other hand, was almost completely ionic under reducing conditions, with only a trace amount passing through the resin column. Over 90 percent of the soluble Zn was complexed under reduced conditions, with only 9 percent sorbed onto the resin. The complexed Fe and Zn were bound to soluble organic matter particles with equivalent molecular weight greater than 25,000 while Mn passed through this size filter. There were marked differences in the size distribution of the various organo-metal complexes under different redox and pH conditions. The soluble Fe was associated with both the largest and smallest size ranges of soluble organic matter. The effect of pH was most evident in the smallest size range with much more complexed iron being present at low pHs. Mn, on the other hand, was associated with only the smallest size range under all pH and redox conditions, reflecting its ionic nature. The greater solubility and mobility of Mn probably accounts for it being depleted relative to iron in Gulf Coast sediments. Hg and Pb were associated with only the largest size soluble complexes and were little affected by pH and redox conditions.

Annual Report

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (102) ◽  
pp. 491-492 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Specialist Services ◽  
Central Agency

Work carried out during the past year is described in the usual ICRC report.The 1968 Annual Report is divided as previously into two parts: practical, and general and permanent activities. The former deals with various countries and continents. Emphasis is laid on efforts made for victims in the Nigerian conflict and relief data showed their increasing extent. On the other hand, some of the specialist services, such as the Central Tracing Agency in Geneva, the International Tracing Service at Arolsen, the Medical Personnel and War Disablement Sections have continued to be particularly active. One has only to quote the Central Agency which in 1968 received 54,783 communications and sent out 54,227 items, a considerable increase in volume in comparison with the previous year.

scholarly journals Eccentric and Concentric Motion Motion of Hamstring during the Leg Curl

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Shiva Bikram Thapa ◽  
Suresh Basnet ◽  
Raju Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pivot Point ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Conservation Theorem

The force experienced by the hamstring during the leg curl has been numerically investigated using the conservation theorem. The center of the meniscus is assumed to be the pivot point along with the uniform distribution of forces in the frictionless environment. The variation of force experienced by the hamstring during the concentric motion of the leg curl has been derived and graphically illustrated. It is found that the force experienced by the hamstring increases with the increase in length of the lower leg and its weight as well. The magnitude of force decreases with the increase in distance from the pivot to insertion. However, the magnitude of force increases from about 3.60 to 4.79 kN in the practically valid region 3 to 4 cm distance from the pivot to insertion with the increase in weight of lower leg from 5 to 15 kg. On the other hand, the magnitude of force increases from about 3.75 to 9.80 kN with the increase in weight suspended on the machine from 10 to 40 kg. In addition, the force decreases with the increase in upper leg dimension, but it linearly increases with the increase in the angle of suspension.

Comparative Analysis of Infused “Static”, Ex Vivo-Generated Platelets Vs. Infused Megakaryocytes-Generated Platelets: A Cautionary Tale

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 2881-2881
Author(s):  
Yuhuan Wang ◽  
Vincent Hayes ◽  
Danuta Jarocha ◽  
Mortimer Poncz
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Donor ◽  
Nsg Mice ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Ex vivo-generated (EV) platelets beginning with embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) may have clinical utility over donor-derived platelets, and efforts to produce such EV-platelets have been pursued in several laboratories under static megakaryocyte (Meg) culture conditions. Success in generating these has been reported, even demonstrating EV-platelet incorporation into growing thrombi in murine models. We have pursued an alternative strategy for thrombopoiesis using EV-Megs, grown from either human adult HPCs or from iPSCs or fetal livers, and directly infusing them into NOD-SCID gamma-interferon-deficient (NSG) mice. These studies were based on our prior observation that infused murine EV-Megs into wildtype mice are entrapped in the pulmonary bed and over the subsequent 1-4 hours release a wave of functional platelets at a significant level. We now show that infusion of human EV-Megs do the same in NSG mice, but resulting in two different pools of derived platelets: (1) A pool of young (as determined by thiazole orange staining) platelets having the same bell-shaped size distribution was seen as after infusion of human donor-derived platelets in these mice. These platelets take several hours to appear, but then have the same half-life as donor-derived platelets. These platelets are derived from the infused EV-Megs and were termed in vivo-generated (IV)-platelets. (2) A second pool of mostly older platelets was present that originated during the static growth of the EV-Megs, and these EV-platelets varied widely in size and age. Initially, these platelets accounted for a third of all the human platelets seen. Unlike IV-platelets, EV-platelets are immediately present and circulate with a markedly short half-life of 2-3 hours unless the recipient NSG mice were pre-treated with clodronate-ladened liposomes to delete their macrophage pools. Rapid removal of EV-platelets by macrophages is due to their being preactivated as determined by surface P-selectin expression in whole mice blood. These EV-platelets also had very limited further responsiveness to convulxin activation. On the other hand, human IV-platelets were quiescent prior to agonist stimulation in whole mice blood and responded strongly to agonist, similar to human donor-derived platelets infused into NSG mice. The IV-platelets were also selectively incorporated into cremaster arteriole laser injury thrombi over EV-platelets. Finally, directly harvested “platelets” from EV static-grown Megs were isolated and analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Only a third of these particles are CD41+/CD42+ platelets and approximately half are actually CD41-/CD42-. Both pools showed the same wide size distribution in vitro and in vivo after infusion into mice. The CD41+/CD42+ fraction behaved just as the EV-platelets, but the CD41-/CD42- fraction half-life was unaffected by pre-treatment with clodronate-ladened liposomes. In summary, infused human Megs grown under static growth conditions released platelets in a recipient mouse’s lung with features characteristic of donor-derived platelets. On the other hand, “platelets” harvested from the same Megs were predominantly not even platelets as measured using CD41/CD42 markers. The portion that were CD41+/CD42+ platelets were preactivated, poorly responsive to agonists, and cleared rapidly. These findings set a standard on how to judge the potential clinical value of platelets derived from EV-Megs and also raise concerns whether direct visual imaging of “platelet release” in static culture is biologically meaningful given that most particles released were not CD41+/CD42+ platelets, and the ones that were CD41+/CD42+ were mis-sized and functionally limited. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Piezoelectric property investigation for sol-gel derived Bi4Ti3O12 thick films

2002 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Matsuda ◽  
Sachiko Ito ◽  
Takashi Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Ferroelectric Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Chemical Solution ◽  
Pt Electrode ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
A Cell

ABSTRACTStrongly (117)-oriented Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) thin (300 nm in thickness) and thick (900 nm in thickness) films were successfully synthesized from chemical solution and the piezoelectric and ferrelectric properties were studied. The chemical solution of Bi-acetate and Ti-iso-propoxide dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol was spin-coated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(001) substrate, pyrolysed at 450–600 °C and annealed at 600 °C. On 300-nm-thick BIT thin film, Pt top electrodes were deposited through a metal mask by RF-sputtering. For longitudinal piezoelectric displacement measurement in partially unconstraint, 900-nm-thick BIT thick film, an array of disk-shape BIT capacitor cells with Pt top electrode layers standing on the Pt bottom electrode were fabricated by photolithography with the diameter of 80, 50, 30, 20 μm. To recover from plasma damage, post deposition annealing of 300-nm-thick BIT film and post lithograph annealing of 900-nm-thick BIT film were performed, respectively. Longitudinal piezoelectric displacement was measured directly from the Z-feedback and Z-error signals of an AFM piezoscanner head with application of ac electric field at 5 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively between the conductive cantilever tip contacted to the top Pt electrode and the bottom Pt electrode. By the removal of sidewalls of BIT, positive piezoelectric displacement response was measured. The maximum strain was about 0.1 % under bipolar drive (amplitude of 400 kV/cm or 4Ec). From the unipolar driven piezoelectric displacement, piezoelectric coefficient AFM-d33 was measured. The value of AFM-d33 increased to decreasing cell diameter and approached to a somewhat constant value of 12–13 pC/N. Considering the crystalline orientation, this value well corresponds to that of 20 pC/N which were reported previously in single crystal. The result of ferroelectric property measurement was rather contradictory. The values of remanent and saturated polarization Pr=20 and Psat=28 μC/cm2, respectively measured in 300-nm-thick BIT thin film were in good agreement with reported spontaneous polarization Ps=50 μC/cm2 along a-axis with the consideration of measured inclination angle of Ψ=58° between (200) and (117). In 900-nm-thick BIT thick film, on the other hand, measured values of Pr=6–7 μC/cm2 were much poorer than those of the thin film even with the consideration that measurement frequencies were 1 kHz in the thick film and 50 Hz in the thin film, although the films showed (117)-orientation. Measured piezoelectric response may reflect a specific single grain with favorable orientation in a cell, on the other hand, average value of ferroelectric property throughout a cell in the 900-nm-thick BIT thick film having mixed orientation of (117) and (020).

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