On the health of International Relations and the international relations of health

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Thomas
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
International Borders ◽  
State Boundaries

Disease is a transnational phenomenon which pays no heed to territorial state boundaries; yet it rarely features in the discussion of International Relations. It is important that the discipline should address the issue of disease and more broadly, health, not simply to facilitate containment of disease transmission across international borders but also because central notions of justice, equity, efficiency and order are involved.

Transnational Actors

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Thiel ◽  
Jeffrey Maslanik
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Transnational Actors ◽  
State Boundaries ◽  
Scholarly Attention

“Transnational” is a frequently mentioned key word in international relations today; it is used to denote in a simplifying manner an organization working beyond state boundaries and acting independently from traditional state authorities. The scholarly recognition of such actors occurred relatively late in the field and advanced with the acceleration of globalizing economic, political, cultural, and social processes. Despite the appearance of transnational actors as a topical and palpable concern for academics and practitioners alike, questions of conceptual vagueness and relational indeterminacy remain, and the continual proliferation of these entities lend urgency to the need for more scholarly attention to these agents.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard V. Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paris Peace Conference

This book has sought to deepen the dialogue between history and international relations theory in examining a pivotal moment in the history of international relations. The Paris Peace Conference constituted a historically specific effort to reimagine “the world.” More specifically, it sought to replace anarchy under realism with “sovereignty.” The conference could not live comfortably with the radical liberalism of Wilsonianism, but the international contract made at the time of the armistice with Germany meant that the conference could not live without it. The territorial state and its discontents lay at the heart of sovereignty at the conference. Two logics of the state fought each other to a standstill in Paris—that of the self-help of realism, forever seeking unattainable “security,” and that of the state that exists only in relation to other states, toward some common end.

The Production of Space Through Land Reclamation

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 45-73
Author(s):  
Niclas Kern
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Spatial Practice ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The City

This dissertation argues that land reclamation has become geopolitical. Land reclamation has added a new dimension to international relations and this dimension cannot be ignored, for it touches upon our fundamental understanding of state territory and spatial practice. Drawing on Stuart Elden and Henri Lefebvre, territory is understood as a set of political technologies that produce different dimensions of our modern conception of territorial space. Land reclamation operates as such a territorial technology and alters our understanding of maritime space in contemporary geopolitics and international law. Two case studies will explicate this development. The first study will investigate coastal reclamation in Singapore and its effects for the city-state’s international relations. The second study will analyse Chinese reclamation works in the disputed region of the South China Sea. Both investigations will approach these activities with a focus on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the international juridical space of territory. In conclusion, this dissertation claims that the material and conceptual production of space triggered by advancements in land reclamation technology are reshaping territorial state practice and the corresponding legal framework of maritime space.

scholarly journals Malaria in Southern Venezuela: The Hottest Hotspot in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Grillet ◽  
JE Moreno ◽  
JV Hernández ◽  
MF Vincenti-González ◽  
O Noya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Infected People ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Border Malaria ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Latin America Region

AbstractMalaria cases in Latin America reached ~1 million in 2017 and 2018, with 53% and 51% reported from Venezuela, respectively. In this study, we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of malaria transmission between 2007-2017 in southern Venezuela, the main endemic area of the country. We found that disease transmission was focal and more prevalent in the southeast of southern Venezuela where two persistent hotspots of Plasmodium vivax (76%) and P. falciparum (18%) linked to deforestation for illegal gold mining accounted for ~60% of the country-wide number of cases. Incidence has increased nearly tenfold in the last decade, showing an explosive epidemic growth due to a significant lack of disease control. We suggest that a source-sink pattern of Plasmodium sp. dispersal account for the re-emergence and progression of malaria transmission in the last 4 years across the country due to the internal migration of infected people to and from the hotspots and other malaria-prone ecosystems. We observe a similar pattern explaining the spillover of cases across international borders affecting neighboring countries. This study provides baseline epidemiological data and guidance for malaria control to further assess the dynamics of cross-border malaria, the role of asymptomatic carriers, drug-resistant evolution, and innovative control efforts in the Latin America region.

Ethical Aspects of Migration Flows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria Innes
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
International System ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
International Borders ◽  
National Affiliation ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
The Right

A comprehensive review of the scholarly literature that considers ethical questions surrounding human migration flows across international borders covers themes of membership and belonging, the right to exclude, the liberal impasse with regard to immigration, the role of property rights at the international level, movement through visa categories, and the problem of jurisdiction during migration journeys. Such an examination reveals that migration provokes a particular problem for international relations when the nation-state is the primary unit of analysis, and that the current literature acknowledges yet does little to correct a Western bias at the heart of scholarly work on the ethics of human migration flows. Ethical questions regarding human migration have been at the forefront of news and public debate, particularly in recent years. The implications of human migration for membership in political communities have received much attention in political theory, international relations theory, international law, human rights, and ethics. Migration, by definition, challenges some of the key assumptions, categories, and ways of theorizing international relations (hereafter IR). The conventional assumptions of IR reproduce the notion that states as unitary actors interact with each other in a global sphere or within the confines of the international system and its structure and rules of behavior. In this rendering of the global, there is little room for people who seep outside of state borders, people who move with no national affiliation, or people who retain multiple national affiliations. The embodied contestation of the territorial categories of IR that is practiced by the movement of people is particularly relevant to constructivist IR theory. If the world is constituted through social interactions and intersubjective understandings, when social interactions happen across borders the intersubjective understanding of state units containing human populations is called into question. When people manifest multiple identities, the state-based identities of the international system are called into question. Studies of the ethics of migration flows then must tackle these lines of inquiry.

The Rise of Linear Borders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Goettlich
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Global Linearization ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Formal Ambiguity

Since roughly the late 19th century, international borders have generally been characterized by linearity, or the appearance as a series of one-dimensional points, connected by straight lines. Prior to this, various kinds of frontiers existed globally, some of them being more linear than others, but most included some kind of formal ambiguity. International relations (IR) often takes for granted the historical process which brought about the global linearization of borders, culminating in the late 19th century and still ongoing in ocean spaces and in outer space. But because cross-border relations are the main substance of inquiry in IR, many theories and areas of study in IR contain some perspective on that process, at least implicitly.

Africa as a Subordinate State System in International Relations

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. William Zartman
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
State System ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Interpretations of patterns and trends in postwar international relations have frequently noted the outmoded position of the nation-state, the shrinking nature of the world, the extension of a single international relations system to global limits, and the rising importance of superpowers and regional organizations. It was then often concluded that the coming unit of international politics was likely to be not the territorial state, as in the past, but new regional groupings of states, where the component members would collectively acquire greater power by individually giving up some of their sovereignty to a bloc or group.

Rise and Demise of the Territorial State

1957 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Herz
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Know How ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

Students and practitioners of international politics are at present in a strange predicament. Complex though their problems have been in the past, there was then at least some certainty about the “givens,” the basic structure and the basic phenomena of international relations. Today one is neither here nor there. On the one hand, for instance, one is assured—or at least tempted to accept assurance—that for all practical purposes a nuclear stalemate rules out major war as a major means of policy today and in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, one has an uncanny sense of the practicability of the unabated arms race, and a doubt whether reliance can be placed solely on the deterrent purpose of all this preparation. We are no longer sure about the functions of war and peace, nor do we know how to define the national interest and what its defense requires under present conditions. As a matter of fact, the meaning and function of the basic protective unit, the “sovereign” nation-state itself, have become doubtful.

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