Up and Down, Front and Back

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine C. Koch ◽  
Stefanie Glawe ◽  
Daniel V. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Directional Movement ◽  
Actual Movement ◽  
Vertical Up

The present study shows how directional movement is related to meaning. We measured the influence of congruent versus incongruent movement – meaning pairings on reaction times in a Stroop-type categorization task. Movement-related words corresponding to the vertical up-down axis (e.g., happiness – grief; successful; to sink) and to the sagittal front-back axis (e.g., tomorrow – yesterday; decisive; to retreat) were coupled with actual movement in the vertical and sagittal axes. The color of the word appearing on a computer screen indicated the movement direction, creating congruent and incongruent movement – meaning trials. Participants reacted faster on congruent trials (e.g., happy – upward movement; decisive – forward movement) than on incongruent trials (e.g., happy – downward movement; decisive – backward movement). Results supported the hypothesized movement – meaning relation for both the vertical and the sagittal dimensions.

Effects of Different Attentional Strategies and Practice on Motor Efficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Oña
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Motor Efficiency ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Preparatory Set ◽  
Actual Movement ◽  
Construct Theory ◽  
Motor Set ◽  
Attentional Strategies ◽  
Attentional Models

The effect of different attentional strategies on motor efficiency, measured by reaction-response time components, has historically been based on memory-drum construct theory, which implied limited attention and motor-response processing. The present study contrasts these principles by using a recording system and automatic analysis of reaction-response parameters. A within-subject design allowed detailed observation of the frequency of each preparatory set within each parameter and with control of the effects of practice. Analysis indicates (a) practice changes the effects of the attentional strategies on the components of reaction response but not the actual movement; (b) the motor-set strategy produces shorter movement times and, inversely, higher motor reaction times; and (c) the motor-sensory set integrated strategy produces improvements on each component of the reaction response. These findings suggest the memory-drum construct theory needs revision and should be based on other attentional models.

scholarly journals Postural Constraints on Movement Variability

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 1061-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Lametti ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Visual Display ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Robotic Device ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Limb Stiffness ◽  
Actual Movement ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Circular Target

Movements are inherently variable. When we move to a particular point in space, a cloud of final limb positions is observed around the target. Previously we noted that patterns of variability at the end of movement to a circular target were not circular, but instead reflected patterns of limb stiffness—in directions where limb stiffness was high, variability in end position was low, and vice versa. Here we examine the determinants of variability at movement end in more detail. To do this, we have subjects move the handle of a robotic device from different starting positions into a circular target. We use position servocontrolled displacements of the robot's handle to measure limb stiffness at the end of movement and we also record patterns of end position variability. To examine the effect of change in posture on movement variability, we use a visual motor transformation in which we change the limb configuration and also the actual movement target, while holding constant the visual display. We find that, regardless of movement direction, patterns of variability at the end of movement vary systematically with limb configuration and are also related to patterns of limb stiffness, which are likewise configuration dependent. The result suggests that postural configuration determines the base level of movement variability, on top of which control mechanisms can act to further alter variability.

scholarly journals Differences in Orientation Behavior and Female Attraction by Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in a Homogeneous Resource Patch

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick M G Cordeiro ◽  
James F Campbell ◽  
Thomas Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wheat Kernel ◽  
Movement Orientation ◽  
And Control

Abstract The objectives of the study are to understand how naïve beetles disperse after emerging as an adult in a homogeneous resource patch. We compared the movement of adult male and female Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) using a laboratory and a field-collected strain during the first 2 d after their emergence from the wheat kernel in which they developed. We first asked if naïve male and female beetles show any innate orientation pattern. Males showed an upward orientation bias during the first day, but not in the second, whereas females had a random pattern of orientation in both days of evaluation. No significant differences were observed between the two strains. Given that males release an aggregation pheromone, we next asked if the upward movement of males improved their ability to be found by a naïve female. The presence of a male, whether above or below a newly emerged female, changed the females’ movement direction from random to bias towards the male. In contrast, free-walking males exhibited the same upward movement bias on the first day regardless of the position of the caged male. Only on the second day did male movement change to the opposite direction of the caged male. Here, we report differences between males and females’ movement orientation strategies and their response to males producing aggregation pheromone within the grain mass. Our data may improve our understanding of pheromone attraction and help us to develop better monitoring and control tools.

A cognitive approach to early conservatism

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Fischer
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
The Political ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
The One

Conservatism is notoriously difficult to define. In the present study, conceptual metaphor theory is used to elucidate the nature of this ideology in its early phase when it emerged in England as a force struggling with the ideas of the French Revolution. It can be shown that conservative authors frequently do not conform to the pattern of orientational metaphors described by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), according to which “up” is usually regarded as positive and “down” as negative. Conservatives often associate their own ideas with depth or a downward movement, whereas the loathed ideas of the political opponents are related to height or an upward movement. This dichotomy is closely connected to the polarity between solidity, stability and weight on the one hand and gaseity, volatility and lightness on the other. The study bases its analysis on numerous political tracts, pamphlets, and novels from the 1790s and early 1800s.

scholarly journals Estimating Vehicle Movement Direction from Smartphone Accelerometers Using Deep Neural Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hernández Sánchez ◽  
Rubén Fernández Pozo ◽  
Luis Hernández Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Vehicle Movement

Characterization of driving maneuvers or driving styles through motion sensors has become a field of great interest. Before now, this characterization used to be carried out with signals coming from extra equipment installed inside the vehicle, such as On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) devices or sensors in pedals. Nowadays, with the evolution and scope of smartphones, these have become the devices for recording mobile signals in many driving characterization applications. Normally multiple available sensors are used, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers or the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, using sensors such as GPS increase significantly battery consumption and, additionally, many current phones do not include gyroscopes. Therefore, we propose the characterization of driving style through only the use of smartphone accelerometers. We propose a deep neural network (DNN) architecture that combines convolutional and recurrent networks to estimate the vehicle movement direction (VMD), which is the forward movement directional vector captured in a phone’s coordinates. Once VMD is obtained, multiple applications such as characterizing driving styles or detecting dangerous events can be developed. In the development of the proposed DNN architecture, two different methods are compared. The first one is based on the detection and classification of significant acceleration driving forces, while the second one relies on longitudinal and transversal signals derived from the raw accelerometers. The final success rate of VMD estimation for the best method is of 90.07%.

scholarly journals Evidence of protandry in Aa Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae)

Lankesteriana ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delsy Trujillo ◽  
Thassilo Franke ◽  
Reinhard Agerer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Male Phase ◽  
Early Flower

Protandry has been described in orchids since Darwin (1862) as a strategy to promote cross-pollination. Three different forms of protandry have been reported in tribe Cranichideae: downward movement of the labellum in Spiranthes species, upward movement of the column in Sauroglossum elatum Lindl. and Manniella spp., and downward movement of the column in Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl. In the present work, through longitudinal and transverse sections of flowers of different developmental stages, we reported column movement of Aa erosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. and the mechanism responsible for the movement. Our result shows that in an early flower stage (male phase), the column of Aa erosa is straight. The gradual cell death of the dorsal side of the column and size increase of the cells of the ventral side cause the column to bend downward to almost 90o representing the female stage. Some authors have suggested self-pollination in Aa. But flies exploring inflorescences of Aa species have been observed in the field by the author. This observation plus the evidence of protandry in Aa erosa could discard self- pollination as the only strategy of pollination in this genus. 

Disentangling visual attention and motor response contributions in response priming with gender categorization task: an HDDM approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Todorova ◽  
David Neville
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neutral Word ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Prime Type ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Gender Categorization ◽  
Response Execution

Words can either boost or hinder the processing of visual information, which can lead to facilitation or interference of the behavioural response. We investigated the stage (response execution or target processing) of verbal interference/facilitation in the response priming paradigm with a gender categorization task. Participants in our study were asked to judge whether the presented stimulus was a female or male face that was briefly preceded by a gender word either congruent (prime: ‘man’, target: ‘man’), incongruent (prime: ‘woman’, target: ‘man’) or neutral (prime: ‘day’, target: ‘man’) with respect to the face stimulus. We investigated whether related word-picture pairs resulted in faster reaction times in comparison to the neutral word-picture pairs (facilitation) and whether unrelated word-picture pairs resulted in slower reaction times in comparison to neutral word-picture pairs (interference). We further examined whether these effects (if any) map onto response conflict or aspects of target processing. In addition, identity (‘man’, ‘woman’) and associative (‘tie’, ‘dress’) primes were introduced to investigate the cognitive mechanisms of semantic and Stroop-like effects in response priming (introduced respectively by associations and identity words). We analyzed responses and reaction times using the drift diffusion model to examine the effect of facilitation and/or interference as a function of the prime type. We found that regardless of prime type words introduce a facilitatory effect, which maps to the processes of visual attention and response execution.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Compression of Representational Space for Object Animacy Categorization under Degraded Viewing Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1995-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijl Grootswagers ◽  
J. Brendan Ritchie ◽  
Susan G. Wardle ◽  
Andrew Heathcote ◽  
Thomas A. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Decision Boundary ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

Animacy is a robust organizing principle among object category representations in the human brain. Using multivariate pattern analysis methods, it has been shown that distance to the decision boundary of a classifier trained to discriminate neural activation patterns for animate and inanimate objects correlates with observer RTs for the same animacy categorization task [Ritchie, J. B., Tovar, D. A., & Carlson, T. A. Emerging object representations in the visual system predict reaction times for categorization. PLoS Computational Biology, 11, e1004316, 2015; Carlson, T. A., Ritchie, J. B., Kriegeskorte, N., Durvasula, S., & Ma, J. Reaction time for object categorization is predicted by representational distance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 132–142, 2014]. Using MEG decoding, we tested if the same relationship holds when a stimulus manipulation (degradation) increases task difficulty, which we predicted would systematically decrease the distance of activation patterns from the decision boundary and increase RTs. In addition, we tested whether distance to the classifier boundary correlates with drift rates in the linear ballistic accumulator [Brown, S. D., & Heathcote, A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation. Cognitive Psychology, 57, 153–178, 2008]. We found that distance to the classifier boundary correlated with RT, accuracy, and drift rates in an animacy categorization task. Split by animacy, the correlations between brain and behavior were sustained longer over the time course for animate than for inanimate stimuli. Interestingly, when examining the distance to the classifier boundary during the peak correlation between brain and behavior, we found that only degraded versions of animate, but not inanimate, objects had systematically shifted toward the classifier decision boundary as predicted. Our results support an asymmetry in the representation of animate and inanimate object categories in the human brain.

scholarly journals Effect of Seat Condition on Abdominal Injuries to Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Impact Accidents

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Matsui ◽  
Shoko Oikawa
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Abdominal Injuries ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle

Vehicle occupants were killed in 33% of all traffic accidents in Japan in 2017. Of the vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle accidents, 54% were impacted from the front. In frontal impact accidents, when the lap belt moves away from the iliac crests of the pelvis of a vehicle occupant, the belt moves directly into the abdomen. Here, we investigated causes of abdominal injuries to vehicle occupants, because the abdomen is associated with the highest rates of severe injury and fatality. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between downward movement of the seat and of the lap belt away from the iliac crests of a human occupant of a car, in the event of a frontal impact. We investigated this phenomenon by conducting simulations using an anthropomorphic 50th percentile male (AM50) human model wearing a three-point seatbelt. We set two deformable seat conditions: Vertical movement and lean forward movement. Our results revealed that the lap belt came off from both of the iliac crests during lean forward movement but only from one of the iliac crests during vertical movement. We concluded that abdominal injuries can be caused by downward movement together with forward rotation in the seat during vehicle-to-vehicle frontal impacts.

Behavioral Responses to Changes in Hydrostatic Pressure and Light During Larval Development of the Lobster Homarus americanus

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Ennis
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Instantaneous Pressure ◽  
Pressure Changes

Larvae of the lobster Homarus americanus hatched and reared under laboratory conditions in shallow water responded to changes in hydrostatic pressure in a depth-regulatory manner. Responsiveness to instantaneous pressure increments ranging from 1 to 20 psi increased linearly up to 10 psi but varied little at higher pressures. Sensitivity to pressure changes was retained throughout larval life up to and including stage IV (megalopa) but stage III and IV larvae were much less responsive than stage I and II. Stage V (1st juvenile) lobsters were nonresponsive to pressure changes. Larvae were much less responsive (in terms of vertical movements) to changes in light intensity than to changes in pressure, and there were no clear, sustained phototactic or photopathic responses in the vertical plane.In the sea, stage I, II, and III larvae showed limited downward movement when released at the surface and generally upward movement when released below the surface. Newly-molted stage IV larvae generally remained at the surface when released there and swam to the surface when released at the bottom; those 14–15 days after molting also tended to remain at the surface but when released at the bottom they generally remained there and found shelters. Newly-molted stage V juveniles generally remained where they were released, both at the surface and at the bottom, but those 13–15 days after molting when released at the surface generally swam to the bottom and found shelters, and when released at the bottom, remained there.

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