Some Chemical and Morphological Changes Induced by Gibberellic Acid in Embryo-free Wheat Grain

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Fincher ◽  
BA Stone
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Morphological Studies

Chemical changes which occur in components of the cell walls of wheat endosperm have been followed during gibberellic acid induced modification of embryo-free wheat grain. Water-soluble polysaccharides, which are mainly arabinoxylans, increased approximately threefold in yield during 3 days treatment with gibberellic acid while their molecular weights decreased progressively. The changes in arabinogalactan-peptide were obscured by the large increases in low-molecular-weight arabinoxylan but were probably slight. Parallel morphological studies using the scanning electron microscope showed that degradative changes occurred initially in the subaleurone endosperm and progressed towards the central endosperm. Between 1 and 2 days modification, cell walls in the subaleurone endosperm were pariially degraded and there was a rapid disappearance of matrix protein. Erosion of starch granules became apparent later. The results show that under conditions simulating germination, arabinoxylan depolymerizing enzymes are operating in addition to starch and protein hydrolases. Their action is manifest at a very early stage and the pattern of erosion of cell walls is consistent with the progressive liberation of arabinoxylan hydrolases from the aleurone or alternatively to the progressive activation or release from inhibition of a latent form of the enzyme in the endosperm.

Lectins as Cytochemical Probes of the Developing Wheat Grain. I. Fluorescein-Labelled Lectins Covering a Range of Specificities With Emphasis on Those That Bind D-Galactose.

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Baldo ◽  
PA Boniface ◽  
DH Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Abrus Precatorius ◽  
Nucellar Projection ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Binding Lectin

Twelve fluorescein-labelled lectins with combining sites that collectively recognize a range of sugars were used as specific cytochemical probes to study both plastic-embedded and frozen sections of developing wheat grain. Specific reactions, inhibited by preincubation of lectin with sugars complementary to the specific combining sites, were observed with all of the lectins except the L- fucose-binding agglutinins from Lotus tetragonolobus and Ulex europaeus, and the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-binding lectin from U. europaeus. Lectins from Canavalia ensiformis, Pisum sativum and Bandeiraea simplicifolia reacted with the starch granules. Potato and wheat-germ agglutinins, both of which bind N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, stained protein bodies. The latter lectin also reacted strongly with the nucellar epidermis in the immature grain. Four D-galactose-binding lectins from Abrus precatorius, Arachis hypogaea, Bandeiraea simplicifolia and Glycine max reacted with the cell walls of both the nucellar epidermis and the nucellar projection. Fluorescent staining of the nucellar epidermis was most uniform and intense at about 14 days post-anthesis (p.a.) and declined thereafter until it had completely disappeared by 35 days p.a. However, staining of the nucellar projection persisted throughout the period of examination.

Isolation and characterization of cell walls from the mesocarp of mature grape berries (Vitis vinifera)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Nunan ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
A Bacic ◽  
SP Robinson ◽  
GB Fincher
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Cytoplasmic Material ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

Cell walls have been isolated from the mesocarp of mature grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. Tissue homogenates were suspended in 80% (v/v) ethanol to minimise the loss of water-soluble wall components and wet-sieved on nylon mesh to remove cytoplasmic material. The cell wall fragments retained on the sieve were subsequently treated with buffered phenol at pH 7.0, to inactivate any wall-bound enzymes and to dislodge small amounts of cytoplasmic proteins that adhered to the walls. Finally, the wall preparation was washed with chloroform/methanol (1:1, v/v) to remove lipids and dried by solvent exchange. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the wall preparation was essentially free of vascular tissue and adventitious protein of cytoplasmic origin. Compositional analysis showed that the walls consisted of approximately 90% by weight of polysaccharide and less than 10% protein. The protein component of the walls was shown to be rich in arginine and hydroxyproline residues. Cellulose and polygalacturonans were the major constituents, and each accounted for 30-40% by weight of the polysaccharide component of the walls. Substantial varietal differences were observed in the relative abundance of these two polysaccharides. Xyloglucans constituted approximately 10% of the polysaccharide fraction and the remainder was made up of smaller amounts of mannans, heteroxylans, arabinans and galactans.

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SOME SALTS 2-AMINOETHANESULFONIC ACID IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DEGENERATIVE SPINAL CORD INJURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Semeleva E.V. ◽  
Blinova E.V. ◽  
Zaborovsky A.V. ◽  
Vasilkina O.V. ◽  
Shukurov A.S.
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acid Compound ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

In this work, we studied the pharmacological activity of zinc and magnesium salts of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid in white non-linear male rats with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which was modeled by neurotoxicantsimplication into the pelvic part of spinal cord. After the reproduction of the pathology in animals, the indices of motor activity were recorded in the Rotarod test, and morphological studies of spinal cord sections stained according to Nisl in the Belshovsky modification were carried out. It was shown that the magnesium salt of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (compound LHT-317) to a greater extent reduces the development of motor disorders in experimental animals compared with the control group on the 4th day of observation. The course of intravenous administration of the studied compounds of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid did not inhibit morphological changes in the spinal cord that develop in degenerative-dystrophic pathology of the central nervous system: connections. Moreover, if, against the background of treatment with zinc salt, the total area of motor zones in animals of the experimental group exceeded that of control rats, then the number of motoneurons did not differ from the control.

Connection of discontinuous segments in early functional recovery from thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament treated with posterior instrumented surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
Kei Ando ◽  
Kazuyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Masaaki Machino ◽  
Kyotaro Ota ◽  
Satoshi Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Japanese Orthopaedic Association ◽  
Multislice Ct ◽  
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Rigid Fixation ◽  
Disc Space ◽  
Fusion Surgery ◽  
Estimated Blood Loss

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between morphological changes in thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (T-OPLL) and postoperative neurological recovery after thoracic posterior fusion surgery. Changes of OPLL morphology and postoperative recovery in cases with T-OPLL have not been examined.METHODSIn this prospective study, the authors evaluated data from 44 patients (23 male and 21 female) who underwent posterior decompression and fusion surgery with instrumentation for the treatment of T-OPLL at our hospital. The patients’ mean age at surgery was 50.7 years (range 38–68 years). The minimum duration of follow-up was 2 years. The location of thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (T-OLF), T-OLF at the OPLL level, OPLL morphology, fusion range, estimated blood loss, operative time, pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and JOA recovery rate were investigated. Reconstructed sagittal multislice CT images were obtained before and at 3 and 6 months and 1 and 2 years after surgery. The basic fusion area was 3 vertebrae above and below the OPLL lesion. All parameters were compared between patients with and without continuity across the disc space at the OPLL at 3 and 6 months after surgery.RESULTSThe preoperative morphology of OPLL was discontinuous across the disc space between the rostral and caudal ossification regions on sagittal CT images in all but one of the patients. Postoperatively, these segments became continuous in 42 patients (97.7%; occurring by 6.6 months on average) without progression of OPLL thickness. Patients with continuity at 3 months had significantly lower rates of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05) and motor palsy in the lower extremities (p < 0.01). The group with continuity also had significantly higher mean postoperative JOA scores at 3 (p < 0.01) and 6 (p < 0.05) months and mean JOA recovery rates at 3 and 6 months (both p < 0.01) after surgery.CONCLUSIONSPreoperatively, discontinuity of rostral and caudal ossified lesions was found on CT in all patients but one of this group of 44 patients who needed surgery for T-OPLL. Rigid fixation with instrumentation may have allowed these segments to connect at the OPLL. Such OPLL continuity at an early stage after surgery may accelerate spinal cord recovery.

scholarly journals Semi-Crystalline Hydrophobic Polyamidoamines: A New Family of Technological Materials?

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Massimo Marcioni ◽  
Jenny Alongi ◽  
Elisabetta Ranucci ◽  
Mario Malinconico ◽  
Paola Laurienzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
New Family ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Methane Flame

The hitherto known polyamidoamines (PAAs) are not suitable as structural materials because they are usually water-soluble or swellable in water. This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of semi-crystalline hydrophobic PAAs (H-PAAs) by combining different bis-sec-amines with bis-acrylamides obtained from C6–C12 bis-prim-amines. H-PAAs were initially obtained in a solution of benzyl alcohol, a solvent suitable for both monomers and polymers. Their number average molecular weights, M¯n, which were determined with 1H-NMR by evaluating the percentage of their terminal units, varied from 6000 to >10,000. The solubility, thermal properties, ignitability and water resistance of H-PAAs were determined. They were soluble in organic solvents, semi-crystalline and thermally stable. The most promising ones were also prepared using a bulk process, which has never been previously reported for PAA synthesis. In the form of films, these H-PAAs were apparently unaffected by water. The films underwent tensile and wettability tests. They showed similar Young moduli (260–263 MPa), whereas the maximum stress and the stress at break depended on the number of methylene groups of the starting bis-acrylamides. Their wettability was somewhat higher than that of common Nylons. Interestingly, none of the H-PAAs considered, either as films or powders, ignited after prolonged exposure to a methane flame.

scholarly journals Influences of Molecular Weights on Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Collagen-Alginate Scaffolds

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truc Cong Ho ◽  
Jin-Seok Park ◽  
Sung-Yeoul Kim ◽  
Hoyeol Lee ◽  
Ju-Sop Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Molecular Weights

For tissue engineering applications, biodegradable scaffolds containing high molecular weights (MW) of collagen and sodium alginate have been developed and characterized. However, the properties of low MW collagen-based scaffolds have not been studied in previous research. This work examined the distinctive properties of low MW collagen-based scaffolds with alginate unmodified and modified by subcritical water. Besides, we developed a facile method to cross-link water-soluble scaffolds using glutaraldehyde in an aqueous ethanol solution. The prepared cross-linked scaffolds showed good structural properties with high porosity (~93%) and high cross-linking degree (50–60%). Compared with collagen (6000 Da)-based scaffolds, collagen (25,000 Da)-based scaffolds exhibited higher stability against collagenase degradation and lower weight loss in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Collagen (25,000 Da)-based scaffolds with modified alginate tended to improve antioxidant capacity compared with scaffolds containing unmodified alginate. Interestingly, in vitro coagulant activity assay demonstrated that collagen (25,000 Da)-based scaffolds with modified alginate (C25-A63 and C25-A21) significantly reduced the clotting time of human plasma compared with scaffolds consisting of unmodified alginate. Although some further investigations need to be done, collagen (25,000 Da)-based scaffolds with modified alginate should be considered as a potential candidate for tissue engineering applications.

FRACTIONATION OF LIVETIN AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF THE α- AND β-COMPONENTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Martin ◽  
J. E. Vandegaer ◽  
W. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Water Soluble Protein ◽  
Hen Egg Yolk ◽  
Hen Egg

Livetin, the major water-soluble protein of hen egg yolk, was found to contain three major components having mobilities of −6.3, −3.8, and −2.1 cm.2 sec.−1 volt−1 at pH 8, µ 0.1, and these have been designated α-, β-, and γ-livetin respectively. The α- and β-livetins were separated and purified electrophoretically after removal of γ-livetin by precipitation from 37% saturated ammonium sulphate or 20% isopropanol. The α-, β-, and mixed livetins resembled pseudoglobulins in solubility but γ-livetin was unstable and this loss of solubility has, so far, prevented its characterization. Molecular weights determined by light scattering, osmotic pressure, and Archibald sedimentation procedure yielded respectively: 8.7, 7.8, and 6.7 × 104 for α-livetin, and 4.8, 5.0, and4.5 × 104 for β-livetin. Under suitable conditions of sedimentation and electrophoresis, egg yolk has been shown to contain three components having the same behavior as the three livetins of the water-soluble fraction.

Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (4) ◽  
pp. F789-F794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Tayem ◽  
Tony R. Johnson ◽  
Brian E. Mann ◽  
Colin J. Green ◽  
Roberto Motterlini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Corticomedullary Junction

Nephrotoxicity is one of the main side effects caused by cisplatin (CP), a widely used antineoplastic agent. Here, we examined the effect of a novel water-soluble carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM-3) on CP-mediated cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells and explored the potential therapeutic benefits of carbon monoxide in CP-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo. Exposure of LLC-PK1 cells to CP (50 μM) caused significant apoptosis as evidenced by caspase-3 activation and an increased number of floating cells. Treatment with CORM-3 (1–50 μM) resulted in a remarkable and concentration-dependent decrease in CP-induced caspase-3 activity and cell detachment. This effect involved activation of the cGMP pathway as 1H-oxadiazole [4, 3-a] quinoxaline-1-ore (ODQ), a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, completely abolished the protection elicited by CORM-3. Using a rat model of CP-induced renal failure, we found that treatment with CP (7.5 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation in plasma urea (6.6-fold) and creatinine (3.1-fold) levels, which was accompanied by severe morphological changes and marked apoptosis in tubules at the corticomedullary junction. A daily administration of CORM-3 (10 mg/kg ip), starting 1 day before CP treatment and continuing for 3 days thereafter, resulted in amelioration of renal function as shown by reduction of urea and creatinine levels to basal values, a decreased number of apoptotic tubular cells, and an improved histological profile. A negative control (iCORM-3) that is incapable of liberating CO failed to prevent renal dysfunction mediated by CP, indicating that CO is directly involved in renoprotection. Our data demonstrate that CORM-3 can be used as an effective therapeutic adjuvant in the treatment of CP-induced nephrotoxicity.

Staphylococcal infection and pathomurfological characteristic of the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Samira Mammadhasan Yagubova ◽  
◽  
Elchin Chingiz Akbarov ◽  
Tarana Nadir Mirzayeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Specific Symptoms

During the staphylococcal infection, changes in the interaction of glandular cells, dystrophic and disorganizing pathologies in tissues, especially acute structural and hemodynamic changes in the stroma of the glands in the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system, develop from the first day of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, on the background of a decrease in exudative processes, fibroplastic reactions are significantly activated, resulting in signs of incomplete regeneration – mainly sclerotic processes and cystic-atrophic changes in the parenchyma. Structural changes in tissues in the early stages of staphylococcal infection and the dynamics of development are characterized by specific symptoms in each of the glands. Since the pituitary gland is exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors earlier and more often than the adrenal glands, and the adrenal glands are earlier than the thyroid gland, dystrophic and destructive changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands are more pronounced at the early stage of the experiment. These morphological changes can change the hormonal status of the body and lead to dysfunction of the endocrine system as a whole – a decrease in the functional activity of the glands to some extent, and even inhibition of adenohypophyseal cells. Key words: staphylococcal infection, peritonitis, pituitary, adrenal and thyroid glands

Morphological Changes to Early Stage Taenia solium Cysticerci Following Oxfendazole Treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Yong-Jie ◽  
LI Qing-Zhang ◽  
Hao Yan-Hong
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Taenia Solium
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document