Rethinking Role Realism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Glavaničová
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Fictional Characters ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
Gregory Currie ◽  
Fictional Names

Abstract Role realism is a promising realist theory of fictional names. Different versions of this theory have been suggested by Gregory Currie, Peter Lamarque, Stein Haugom Olsen, and Nicholas Wolterstorff. The general idea behind the approach is that fictional characters are to be analysed in terms of roles, which in turn can be understood as sets of properties (or alternatively as kinds or functions from possible worlds to individuals). I will discuss several advantages and disadvantages of this approach. I will then propose a novel hyperintensional version of role realism (which I will call impossibilism), according to which fictional names are analysed in terms of individual concepts that cannot be matched by a reference (a full-blooded individual). I will argue that this account avoids the main disadvantages of standard role realism.

The Language of Fiction

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Fictional Characters ◽  
New Research ◽  
Fictional Names ◽  
Philosophy Of Fiction ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Literary Techniques ◽  
Fictional Story ◽  
Fictional Truth

The Language of Fiction brings together new research on fiction from philosophy and linguistics. Fiction is a topic that has long been studied in philosophy. Yet recently there has been a surge of work on fictional discourse in the intersection between linguistics and philosophy of language. There has been a growing interest in examining long-standing issues concerning fiction from a perspective informed both by philosophy and linguistic theory. The Language of Fiction contains fourteen essays by leading scholars in both fields, as well as a substantial Introduction by the editors. The collection is organized in three parts, each with their own introduction. Part I, “Truth, reference, and imagination”, offers new, interdisciplinary perspectives on some of the central themes from the philosophy of fiction: What is fictional truth? How do fictional names refer? What kind of speech act is involved in telling a fictional story? What is the relation between fiction and imagination? Part II, “Storytelling”, deals with themes originating from the study of narrative: How do we infer a coherent story from a sequence of event descriptions? And how do we interpret the words of impersonal or unreliable narrators? Part III, “Perspective shift”, zooms in on an alleged key characteristic of fictional narratives, viz. the way we get access to the fictional characters’ inner lives, through a variety of literary techniques for representing what they say, think, or see.

scholarly journals What factors need to be considered when assessing the financial costs of medicines

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
A S Fedorenko ◽  
A T Burbello ◽  
M V Pokladova ◽  
M A Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
World Health ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Medical University ◽  
North Western

The article presents possible approaches to assessing the financial costs of medicines. The results of the ABC/VEN and ATC DDD analyzes recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization (WHO) in assessing the financial costs of medicines in a large multidisciplinary hospital are described. The evaluation of ABC/VEN and ATC/DDD analyzes, their advantages and disadvantages is given. It is shown that the ABC/VEN analysis gives only a general idea of planning financial expenditures and ATC/DDD about real drug consumption in the treatment of one patient. The financial costs of treating one patient vary significantly and depend on many factors: disease nosology, severity, division profile, etc. It was determined which factors should be taken into account both in estimating the cost of medicines and in planning financial expenditures for the next year. (For citation: Fedorenko AS, Burbello AT, Pokladova MV, Ivanova MA. What factors need to be considered when assessing the financial costs of medicines. Herald of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. 2018;10(2):64-72. doi: 10.17816/mechnikov201810264-72).

Fiction

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lamarque
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Fictional Characters ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Ontological Commitments ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Abstract Entities ◽  
General Semantics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fictional Names

Aspects of fiction or fictionality have long intrigued and puzzled philosophers across a surprisingly wide range of the subject, including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of language, and aesthetics. What is fiction exactly, and how is it distinguished from nonfiction? One prominent set of problems relates to fictional names (such as “Sherlock Holmes,” “the Time Machine,” “Casterbridge”), concerning how they might fit into a general semantics for natural languages. Should they be eliminated by paraphrase or should they be acknowledged as proper names, albeit referring to nonreal items? Related problems arise for ontology. Should we admit fictional entities into our ontology, affording them some kind of being (as abstract entities, perhaps, or as possible objects)? Or again, should we find ways to eliminate them? Another difficulty stems from the fact that well-developed fictional characters in realist novels can often seem more real than actual people. Not only are they spoken and thought about but they can also occupy a significant role in ordinary people’s lives, including their emotional lives. How can this be explained? How can people respond with such powerful feelings to beings they know are merely made up? Also, how is it that readers sometimes have difficulty imagining the content of stories? Philosophers writing in aesthetics about literature as an art form have explored the modes of representing fictional characters, the values storytelling might have, and the potential for works of literary fiction to convey truths about the real world. Finally, appeals to fiction are sometimes made to explain whole areas of discourse, such as mathematics or morals, where there is a reluctance to admit familiar kinds of propositions as literal truths because of their ontological commitments. Thus, “fictionalism” has been promoted: the idea that strictly speaking it is better to view the discourse as a species of fiction, even while acting as if the discourse contained straightforward truths.

scholarly journals Talking about Hamlet

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Everett
Keyword(s):  
Fictional Characters ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Fictional Names

AbstractOne argument for fictional realism, the view that there are such things as fictional characters, proceeds by arguing that we need to accept there are fictional characters in order to provide an adequate account of intuitively true and meaningful reports containing fictional names, reports such as »In

scholarly journals Analytical overview of the crowdfunding and crowdlanding market in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Salnikova ◽  
Roman Permyakov
Keyword(s):  
Digital Economy ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Empirical Research Methods ◽  
Business Financing ◽  
Online Lending ◽  
Final Synthesis

The article discusses innovative forms of attracting financing for innovative and fast-growing projects of companies, such as crowdfunding, crowdlanding. The relevance of the work is confirmed by the fact that in the context of the digital economy there is a transformation of forms of business financing. New mechanisms using digital and platform Internet technologies allow you to create new tools to attract project financing, while saving on transactional, operational, temporary and other costs. One of the tools to attract financing for business in order to implement digital economy projects is crowdfunding and one of its forms is crowdlanding. Based on this, the purpose of the work was to assess the state and prospects for the development of the crowdfunding and crowdlanding market in Russia. The author solved a number of problems to achieve this goal: a general idea of crowdfunding was given, methods of regulating investment platforms were studied, crowdfunding segments were identified, key risks of investment using investment platforms were identified, a general idea of crowdfunding was given, the trend of application and prospects for the development of peer-to-peer lending were considered (P2R), identified the advantages and disadvantages of Р2Р platforms, analyzed and displayed statistics of the most popular Russian and foreign online lending exchanges, formulated directions for the development of crowdfinancing in Russia. The research methodology is based on a set of theoretical and empirical research methods: description, comparison, analysis and synthesis of the source material with the final synthesis of the results obtained and making a single judgment. The scope of the study results is related to the subsequent formation of proposals and recommendations for the development of organizational, legal, methodological, technical, technological, economic and other measures for the use of crowdfunding and crowdlanding tools.

Ulysses May Be a Legal Fiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-157
Author(s):  
Sam Slote
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Legal Fiction ◽  
Fictional Entities

This essay looks at what James Joyce’s Ulysses has to say about the nature of fiction. Precisely because Joyce worked very hard to represent Dublin as accurately and meticulously as possible, Ulysses blurs an easy division between fact and fiction. This essay considers how one can discuss fictional entities in ways that make sense. Rather than settle upon a “possible worlds” approach to considering fiction, this essay looks at the advantages and disadvantages of what can be called endorsement: judging the truth of a statement about a fiction is simply a matter of determining whether the fiction endorses that statement. Instead of multiple (even infinite) possible worlds, a work of fiction occasions multiple possible endorsements precisely because any work of fiction is inherently incomplete and thus requires the initiatives of its readers to fill in its manifold gaps.

Substance and first-order quantification over individual-concepts

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Definite Descriptions ◽  
Free Logic ◽  
First Order ◽  
Individual Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
The World ◽  
Ordinary Usage

An individual-concept, hereinafter “individuation”, is a function from possible worlds to individuals. Constant individuations I will call “subsistents” (the notion will presently be generalized). A “substance”, after Thomason [35], is a subsistent whose value exists for the world at hand. In the systems of quantified modal logic developed over the past twenty years, the tendency has been to restrict the range of quantifiers to substances (often represented technically by the simple individuals that would be the values of the constant individuations), while allowing constant terms (particularly descriptions) to express arbitrary individuations. One result is to invalidate unrestricted universal instantiation (and existential generalization), rather as in free logic. Such systems approximate some features of ordinary usage rather nicely, e.g. the behavior of quantifiers and definite descriptions in tensed discourse. Stalnaker and Thomason's Q3r [34], based on the latter's Q3 [35], [36], is exemplary of this approach.The suggestion has repeatedly been considered to quantify over individuations in general (Kanger [14], Kaplan [17], Hughes and Cresswell [12, p. 196], Thomason [35, p. 136], Pollock [30]).

scholarly journals A Survey about various Generations of Lexical Analyzer

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Zakiya Ali Nayef
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Regular Expression ◽  
Finite Automata ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Lexical Analyzer

Lexical analysis helps the interactivity and visualization for active learning that can improve difficult concepts in automata. This study gives a view on different lexical analyzer generators that has been implemented for different purposes in finite automata. It also intends to give a general idea on the lexical analyzer process, which will cover the automata model that is used in the various reviews. Some concepts that will be described are finite automata model, regular expression and other related components. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of lexical analyzer will be discussed. 

scholarly journals Fiksionaliteit in die Dramawêreld

Literator ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
M. Mouton
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Fictional Characters ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Dramatic Text ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Logical Semantics

The fictional drama world differs from the fictional world encountered in other literary genres, and the difference can be traced back to the link of the text with the performance.A general, traditional view is that the fictional world of the dramatic text takes place in a fictional “here and now” .Elam has postulated a theory following a study of the fictional drama world. He uses a term from logical semantics, viz. the “theory of possible worlds” and adjusts this to enable him to speak of a dramatic possible world. Elam mentions three aspects which help towards the establishment of the fictional drama world, viz.the discovery of this world in medias res; the making specific of this world through the fictional characters; and the representation of this world in the performance.Elam’s exposition still does not indicate which aspects of the fictional drama world within the text coincide with or differ from those in the performance. The fictionality of the drama world is linked to the aspect of the ostensible, and it is this link (implied in the text and edited in the performance) which characterizes the specific nature of the fictional in the drama genre and which distinguishes this genre from other literary genres.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Emar Maier ◽  
Andreas Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Impossible Worlds ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Fictional Characters ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Human Capacity

Fiction is the ultimate application of the human capacity for displacement—thinking and talking about things beyond the here and now. Fictional characters may live in very remote possible or even impossible worlds. Yet our engagement with fictional stories and characters seems effortless and permeates every aspect of our everyday lives. How is this possible? How does fictional talk relate to assertions about the here and now, or indeed to modal talk about other possible worlds? What is the relation between fiction and mental states like belief and imagination? How does a sequence of fictional statements become a story? What are fictional characters? How do narrators manage to give us access to their characters’ innermost thoughts and desires? This introductory chapter traces the development of various strands of research on these questions within linguistics, narratology, and philosophy in order to lay a foundation for the cutting-edge interdisciplinary work in this volume.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document