scholarly journals Individual Versus Area Level Social Risk Measurement in the General French Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Mercier ◽  
C Quantin ◽  
M McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
French Population ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Ongoing health policy changes include a move towards alternative delivery and payment models. In addition, the emphasis is put on social determinants as part of performance measurement and payment calibration. Most payers and policy makers rely on area-level socio-economic data, which can lead to sub-optimal. However, little is known about the agreement between individual and area-level variables. The objective was to assess the agreement between individual and area-level social risk variables in the general French population. Methods We used data from the CONSTANCES general-purpose cohort, a randomly selected representative sample of French adults aged 18-69 years. Data collected include socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, behaviors, and health data. We assessed the correlation or agreement between individual and area-level variables for 4 dimensions: household annual pretax income, secondary education completion, occupational group (workers), and unemployment. Results 115,263 individuals were included in the study, 53% female and aged 48 years on average. The median annual household income was 42,000 Euros (USD 50,400), 73% had completed secondary education, 7% were unemployed, and 9.3% were workers. The correlation between income measured at the individual and area level was positive but moderate (Rho=0.20; p < 0.01). Individuals having completed secondary education had a higher area-level median completion rate compared to those having a lower education level (48% versus 41%; p < 0.01). Unemployed individuals had a slightly higher area-level median unemployment rate compared to employed ones (11% versus 10%; p < 0.01). Lastly, workers had a higher area-level median probability to be a worker rate compared to other individuals ones (25% versus 18%; p < 0.01). Conclusions In the general French population, area-level socio-economic variables are poor proxies for individual-level social risk. Key messages Area-level socio-economic data is a poor proxy for individual data. Researchers and policy makers should move towards individual data.

Assessing the Potential Extent of Carsharing

2005 ◽  
Vol 1927 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Schuster ◽  
John Byrne ◽  
James Corbett ◽  
Yda Schreuder
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Interest Policy ◽  
Sound Policy ◽  
The Individual

Members of carsharing organizations reduce both the number of vehicles owned and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Given these benefits at the individual level, carsharing may interest policy makers as another tool to address the negative environmental, economic, and social consequences of automobile dependence. However, the aggregate effects of carsharing must be estimated before sound policy decisions can be made. This paper describes a Monte Carlo simulation of the economic decision to own or share a vehicle on the basis of major cost components and past vehicle use. The simulation estimates the percentage of vehicles that would be cheaper to share than own. In Baltimore, Maryland, this result ranged from 4.2% under a traditional neighborhood carsharing model to 14.8% in a commuter-based carsharing model. Sensitivity analyses identified travel time and VMT as the most important economic factors, which likely incorporate other factors such as transit access and environmental attitudes. Because travel behavior, not ownership cost, drives the economic carsharing decision, the model hypothesizes that there will be increasing marginal societal benefits from policies that promote carsharing. The model can be applied to any geographic area and can be used to assess carsharing impacts of various policies that change the economics of owning or driving an auto. These results indicate that carsharing can become prevalent enough to be considered an important policy tool.

Content, Correlation, and Meaning of Categories ‘Legal Person’ and ‘Legal Personality’: General-Purpose Aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2156
Author(s):  
Vitalii V. VOLYNETS ◽  
Volodymyr A. SICHEVLIUK ◽  
Ilona V. KAMINSKA
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Individual

At the present stage of its development, the general theory of law is aimed at achieving, as far as possible, a greater degree of practical use. Legal theorists seek to answer questions that are devoid of scholastic nature and derive from the practice of real legal relations. The performance of this task involves the movement of fundamental science, which is the general theory of state and law, on the path of ascending from the array of abstract reflections of legal reality, already formed by it, to obtaining its more specific theoretical reproductions. The purpose of this study is to present the correlation of categories such as ‘legal person’ and ‘legal personality’. The relevance of the study lies in the inability to gain new knowledge without the dialectical application of the framework of categories and concepts and methodology of the theory of law to the study of special (e.g., branch) and single (implemented at the individual level) legal phenomena in their relation to the general regularities of the functioning of the state and law. The research presents the content, correlation and meaning of these categories in the theory of law, and demonstrates their diversified use in Ukrainian legislation. The content of the category ‘subject of law’ covers those persons to whom the rights, duties and responsibilities, which are enshrined in the rules of objective law, are addressed. The category of ‘legal personality’ emphasizes the key role of objective law in constituting legal personality.  

scholarly journals Social Capital Changes After COVID-19 Lockdown Among Youths in China: COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Yu ◽  
Miyang Luo ◽  
Meijing Liu ◽  
Junmin Zhou ◽  
Shujuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Lifestyle Change ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: Social capital, the effective functioning of social groups through networks of relationships, can affect mental health and may be affected by COVID-19. We aimed to examine the changes in social capital before and after the COVID-19 lockdown among the Chinese youth.Methods: A national convenience sample of 10,540 high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, from the COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS), reported their demographic and social capital information before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Social capital was retrospectively measured at four levels: individual (ISC), family (FSC), community (CSC), and society (SSC). The changes of social capital were also compared across three educational levels.Results: Overall, ISC and CSC scores generally decreased after lockdown (15.1 to 14.8 and 13.4 to 13.1, respectively), while FSC and SSC scores increased significantly (12.7 to 13.0 and 7.1 to 7.2, respectively). At the individual level, most participants showed a constant perceived social capital; more of the remaining participants showed decreased than increased ISC (30.5% vs. 17.0%) and CSC scores (28.4% vs. 19.1%), while more participants showed increased than decreased FSC (21.7% vs. 9.2%) and SSC scores (10.3% vs. 3.9%). Heterogeneities in social capital changes existed across educational levels.Conclusions: Our findings would provide health professionals and policy-makers solid evidence on the changes in social capital of youths after lockdowns, and therefore help the design of future interventions to rebuild or improve their social capital after epidemics/disasters.

scholarly journals Planned Retirement Timing in Europe: Are Europeans Adapting to the Policy of Extending Working Lives

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Hess ◽  
Laura Naegele ◽  
Lena Becker ◽  
Jana Mäcken ◽  
Wouter De Tavernier
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Self Reported Health Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Country Specific

As populations are ageing concerns regarding the sustainability of European welfare states have come to the forefront. In reaction, policy makers have implemented measurements aimed at the prolongation of working lives. This study investigates weather older workers have adapted their planned retirement age, as a result of this new policy credo. Based on data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) the analysis shows an increase of the planned retirement age (1.36 years) across all ten European countries investigated, albeit with country-specific variations. Variations on the individual level can be detected in regard to gender, education and self-reported health status.

scholarly journals Means, Motives and Opportunity: determinants of community health worker performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e001790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna John ◽  
Thomas Newton-Lewis ◽  
Shuchi Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Worker Performance ◽  
Performance Problem ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Job Role

The performance of community health workers (CHWs) typically depends on the interaction between their motivation (their intent to achieve personal and organisational goals) and the constraints that they face in doing so. These constraints can be both at the individual level, for example, whether the worker has the skills and knowledge required to deliver on their job role, and the organisational level, for example, whether the worker is provided with the resources required to perform. Designing interventions to improve the performance of CHWs requires identifying the constraints to performance in a particular context. Existing frameworks on CHW performance tend to be derived empirically, identifying a broad range of intervention design and contextual factors that have been shown to influence CHW performance. These may not always be able to guide policy makers to identify the precise cause of a specific performance problem in a particular context and develop an appropriate policy response. This article presents a framework to help practitioners and researchers diagnose the constraints to performance of CHWs and guide programmatic and policy responses. The Means, Motives and Opportunity (MMO) framework has been adapted from the SaniFOAM framework used to identify the determinants of sanitation behaviours. It is based on three interdependent and interacting domains: means (whether an individual is capable of performing), motives (whether an individual wants to perform) and opportunity (whether the individual has the chance to perform). A wide range of data sources are expected to be used when applying the MMO framework, especially qualitative research that captures the perspectives and lived realities of CHWs and their communities. In this article, we demonstrate how the MMO framework can be applied to identify the constraints to CHW performance using the case study of Anganwadi Workers (village nutrition workers) in Bihar, India.

scholarly journals Methodological Issues in Studies of Cultural Legacies in Post-Socialist Russia’s Civil Society

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Anna Leskinen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Cultural Legacies ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe state of civil society in post-socialist Russia and other former socialist countries is of great interest to social scientists, policy makers, and development-oriented practitioners. Numerous theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches have been used by researchers to describe, analyze, and assess the state of civil society in Russia, for example. One of the key issues addressed has been the influences on citizens’ civic and social activities and the historical conditions and cultural environments that have generated – and continue to generate – these activities. This critique focuses on the concept of “communist legacies” which has been applied at the individual level to explain people’s preferences, attitudes, and forms of behavior in Russia and other post-socialist countries. The concept is influential, in large part, because it has been supported by empirical research, especially the highly influential empirical research of Marc Howard. This paper takes a critical look at this research, including its theoretical frame and the methodology associated with the frame.

scholarly journals Role Ambiguity in Sport Teams

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Eys ◽  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
Mark R. Beauchamp ◽  
Steven R. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Role Ambiguity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The general purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of role ambiguity in sport teams and to explore the construct validity of the operational definition of role ambiguity developed by Beauchamp, Bray, Eys, and Carron (2002). Role ambiguity was operationalized as a multidimensional construct (Scope of Responsibilities, Behavioral Responsibilities, Evaluation of Performance, and Consequences of Not Fulfilling Responsibilities) that occurs in two contexts, offense and defense. Consistent with the a priori hypothesis, perceptions of role ambiguity exhibited some degree of within-group consistency and group-level variability, but most of the variance in role ambiguity was seen at the individual level. Also, perceptions of role ambiguity decreased from early to late season. Finally, veteran athletes experienced less role ambiguity than first-year athletes at the beginning of the season, but not at the end. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Start of Team Start-Ups: Collective Dynamics of Initiation and Formation of Entrepreneurial Teams

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Forsström-Tuominen ◽  
Iiro Jussila ◽  
Sanjay Goel
Keyword(s):  
Team Building ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Start Ups

This study aims to describe and understand the start of team start-ups through answering why and how team entrepreneurship (TE) is initiated, how teams form, and what kinds of criteria are used in team building. While the above topics have been examined by many scholars, we aim to elaborate new insights into understanding the very first steps of initiating a new venture by an entrepreneurs’ collective. We employ a qualitative multiple-case study approach and analyze individual and group interview data from four high-technology team start-ups through inductive thematic analysis. We find that TE starts with an impetus established by a collective desire, collective value orientation, collective demand, and collective encouragement to TE. The impetus concretizes in coming together of team members where one or some need to take initiative to form the team, and search for members with specific criteria for membership that include not only technical but social-psychological dimensions. The study suggests that emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities at the collective-level might be distinctive from the individual-level. It contributes to researchers, prospective entrepreneurs, investors, policy-makers, and educators’ understanding of TE as a versatile and dynamic phenomenon where individual and group levels of analysis and technical and social-psychological aspects intertwine.

scholarly journals From ODE to Open Markov Chains, via SDE: an application to models for infections in individuals and populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-197
Author(s):  
Manuel L. Esquível ◽  
Paula Patrício ◽  
Gracinda R. Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
State Space ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The State ◽  
Ode Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Ode System ◽  
The Individual

AbstractWe present a methodology to connect an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of interacting entities at the individual level, to an open Markov chain (OMC) model of a population of such individuals, via a stochastic differential equation (SDE) intermediate model. The ODE model here presented is formulated as a dynamic change between two regimes; one regime is of mean reverting type and the other is of inverse logistic type. For the general purpose of defining an OMC model for a population of individuals, we associate an Ito processes, in the form of SDE to ODE system of equations, by means of the addition of Gaussian noise terms which may be thought to model non essential characteristics of the phenomena with small and undifferentiated influences. The next step consists on discretizing the SDE and using the discretized trajectories computed by simulation to define transitions of a finite valued Markov chain; for that, the state space of the Ito processes is partitioned according to some rule. For the example proposed for illustration, the state space of the ODE system referred – corresponding to a model of a viral infection – is partitioned into six infection classes determined by some of the critical points of the ODE system; we detail the evolution of some infected population in these infection classes.

European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN SIDES ◽  
JACK CITRIN
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Statistical Effect ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
The Individual

This article assesses the influence of material interests and cultural identities on European opinion about immigration. Analysis of respondents in twenty countries sampled in the 2002–03 European Social Survey demonstrates that they are unenthusiastic about high levels of immigration and typically overestimate the actual number of immigrants living in their country. At the individual level, cultural and national identity, economic interests and the level of information about immigration are all important predictors of attitudes. ‘Symbolic’ predispositions, such as preferences for cultural unity, have a stronger statistical effect than economic dissatisfaction. Variation across countries in both the level and the predictors of opposition to immigration are mostly unrelated to contextual factors cited in previous research, notably the amount of immigration into a country and the overall state of its economy. The ramifications of these findings for policy makers are discussed in the context of current debates about immigration and European integration.

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