scholarly journals Is Xylella fastidiosa a serious threat to European forests?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau ◽  
Yilmaz Balci ◽  
Daniele Cornara ◽  
Paolo Gonthier ◽  
Cécile Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
European Forests ◽  
Recent Emergence

Abstract The recent emergence of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Italy, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, has drawn attention to the risks posed by this vector-borne bacterium to important crops in Europe (especially fruit trees and grapevine). Comparatively very little is known on actual and potential impacts of this pathogen in forests, in the native (North American) and introduced (European) regions, respectively. The present review aims to address important questions related to the threat posed by X. fastidiosa to European forests, such as the following: What are the symptoms, hosts and impact of bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa on trees in North America? Which forest tree species have been found infected in the introduction area in Europe? How does X. fastidiosa cause disease in susceptible hosts? Are there any X. fastidiosa genotypes (subspecies and sequence types) specifically associated with forest trees? How is X. fastidiosa transmitted? What are the known and potential vectors for forest trees? How does vector ecology affect disease? Is the distribution of X. fastidiosa, especially the strains associated with trees, restricted by climatic factors? Is disease risk for trees different in forest ecosystems as compared with urban settings? We conclude by pointing to important knowledge gaps related to all these questions and strongly advocate for more research about the Xylella-forest pathosystems, in both North America and Europe.

The wound pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum, its history and incidence on trees in North America

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Setliff
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Chondrostereum Purpureum ◽  
Host Survey

Since Percival's inoculation studies in 1902 with the wound pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.�:�Fr.) Pouz. on plum trees in England, this fungus has become well known as the cause of silver-leaf disease of rosaceous fruit trees. However, its pathological impact on forest trees has been little studied and appreciated. Therefore, the question is raised about the pathogenic role and incidence of C. purpureum on other trees in damaged forests. A survey of 561 collections of this fungus in herbaria of Canada and the United States found that the highest incidence occurred in the Betulaceae (45%), especially Betula (27%) and Alnus (15%). The second-most favoured host family was the Salicaceae (20%) with a 15 and 5% occurrence on Populus and Salix, respectively. The third-most favoured substrate was apparently the Rosaceae at 11%, but this reflected a bias of agricultural research in orchards. A 6% incidence was found in the Fagaceae, 4% in the Aceraceae and 3% in the Ulmaceae. From 1 to 3% of the collections occurred for each of the Cornaceae, Juglandaceae, Magnoliaceae and Pinaceae. Incidences <1% were indicated for each of the Aquifoliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cupressaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae and Tiliaceae. The host survey data indicate that C.�purpureum is an important pathogen with epidemic potential in forest trees, especially species in the Betulaceae and Salicaceae. The silvering symptom is inconspicuous in birch and other non-rosaceous trees. Forests with greatest vulnerability are those subjected (1) to physical forces that cause stem injuries to susceptible trees, (2) to environmental conditions conducive for infection and (3) to high levels of basidiospore inoculum from fruiting bodies on hardwood slash that result from timber harvesting and storm damage. Silver-leaf is an important fungal disease of many tree species in North America and is largely responsible for the birch dieback in North American forests. Control data from several mycoherbicide experiments support this conclusion.

Forest Trees of North America

1880 ◽  
Vol 9 (234supp) ◽  
pp. 3730-3730
Author(s):  
Charles S. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Forest Trees

scholarly journals How geographic and climatic factors affect the adaptation of Douglas-fir provenances to the temperate continental climate zone in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Niemczyk ◽  
Daniel J. Chmura ◽  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Tomasz Wojda ◽  
Piotr Mroczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Continental Climate

AbstractThe contribution of Douglas-fir (Df) to European forests is likely to increase as the species is a potential adaptation option to climate change. In this study, we investigated growth and survival of Df seed sources to fill a knowledge gap regarding recommendations for the future use of Df provenances in Poland. Our experimental test site represents the most continental climate among all Df trials installed in the IUFRO 1966–67 test series in Europe. At this unique single site, we evaluated the performance of 46 Df provenances from North America, and nine local landraces of unknown origin. Repeated measurements of tree diameter, height, and volume were analysed, to age 48, representing integrated responses to geographic and climatic conditions. Significant variation in survival and productivity-related traits were found, with the interior Df provenances performing best, in contrast to previous European reports. The higher survivability and volume of the interior provenances resulted from their superior frost resistance. The low precipitation seasonality at the location of seed origin provided an additional advantage to the trees at the test site. Geographic and climatic factors of seed origin explained most of the variation in productivity (77 and 64%, respectively). The tested landraces exhibited diverse performance, implying that naturalized local seed sources in Poland need improvement and perhaps enrichment with new genetic material from North America, while considering geography and climate. Assisted migration programs should consider the limitations imposed by both frost and drought events in guiding future Df selections for continental climates. Further field testing, early greenhouse screening and DNA testing are also recommended.

Leucostoma cinctum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Abstract A description is provided for Leucostoma cinctum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leucostoma cinctum, especially in its conidial state, is a well-known pathogen of stone-fruit trees causing necrosis of twigs, perennial Cytospora-canker. The fungus penetrates mainly through the scars, and may result in dieback of branches or even whole trees. Tree susceptibility to L. cinctum is influenced by lesions (Stanova, 1990). Comparative anatomy and host response of peach cultivars inoculated with L. cinctum was studied by Biggs (1986). Resistance of different cultivars of stone-fruit trees to L cinctum has been investigated by many authors (Cociu et al., 1991; Miles et al., 1989; Pedryc & Rozsnyai, 1991). HOSTS: On dead or dying, attached or fallen twigs of the Rosaceae, mainly Prunoideae (Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus, Persica, Prunus) and rarely other subfamilies of the Rosaceae, including genera such as Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus and Pyrus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA (Idaho, Michigan, New-Jersey, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Orange or reddish droplets or tendrils of conidia extruded from conidiomata can be often seen after rain. It is also known that arthropods can carry propagules in stone-fruit orchards (Helton et al., 1988).

Greenhouse gas fluxes from an oil palm plantation on mineral soil in Indonesia undergoing riparian restoration 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella White ◽  
Ribka Sionita Tarigan ◽  
Anak Agung Ketut Aryawan ◽  
Edgar Turner ◽  
Sarah Luke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Riparian Restoration ◽  
Enrichment Planting ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

&lt;p&gt;Oil palm (OP) growers are under pressure to reduce their environmental impact. Ecosystem function and biodiversity are at the forefront of the issue, but what effect do changes in management practices have on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from plantations?&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Riparian Ecosystem Restoration in Tropical Agriculture (RERTA) Project is a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and the SMART Research Institute in Riau, Indonesia. This project explores the ecological changes resulting from the restoration of riparian margins between plantations and watercourses. Four management strategies were applied on both sides of a river to create 50m riparian buffers, 400m in length: (1) A control treatment of no restoration, the removal of mature OP and replanting of young OP to the river margin; (2) Little to no agricultural management of mature OP; (3) Clearance of mature OP and enrichment planting with native forest trees; (4) Little or no agricultural management of mature OP and enrichment planting with native forest trees. Here we present a specific objective to investigate the effect of riparian restoration &amp;#8211; and related changes in soil characteristics, structure and vegetation cover &amp;#8211; on fluxes of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from mineral soils.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The experimental site began as a mature OP plantation, with monthly background measurements taken between January and April 2019. Palms were felled in April 2019 and monthly sampling was resumed when replanting and restoration began, in October 2019. We measured GHGs using static chambers; 6 in each riparian treatment and 16 in the actual OP plantation, 40 chambers in total. Samples were analysed using GC-FID/&amp;#181;ECD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Background measurements before felling showed high variability, but indicated no difference between the four experimental plots and the rest of the plantation. Fluxes measured following replanting were also highly variable, with no significant differences observed between treatments. N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O fluxes were relatively low before felling as the mature palms were no longer fertilised. Higher emissions were seen in the disturbed immature OP and forest tree treatments following replanting. Though the sites appeared to recover quickly and emission fluxes decreased after a few months, presumably as the soil settled and new vegetation began to grow. CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; uptake was seen in the immature OP treatment immediately after replanting. In subsequent months no clear trends of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; uptake or emission were observed, with the greatest variability generally seen in the forest tree treatment. CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions increased in October 2020 with the beginning of the rainy season, most notably in mature OP and mature OP with forest tree treatments. Following restoration CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were higher in treatments with established plant communities &amp;#8211; mature OP and mature OP with forest trees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These results suggest that riparian restoration had no significant effect on GHG fluxes from mineral soils, and would not alter the overall GHG budget of a plantation. If there is no additional GHG burden and riparian restoration results in enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services as well as improving water quality, it will be a viable management option to improve the environmental impact of an OP plantation.&lt;/p&gt;

Diversifying forest communities may change Lyme disease risk: extra dimension to the dilution effect in Europe

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 1310-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANNE C. RUYTS ◽  
EVY AMPOORTER ◽  
ELENA C. COIPAN ◽  
LANDER BAETEN ◽  
DIETER HEYLEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Pine Stands

SUMMARYLyme disease is caused by bacteria of theBorrelia burgdorferigenospecies complex and transmitted by Ixodid ticks. In North America only one pathogenic genospecies occurs, in Europe there are several. According to the dilution effect hypothesis (DEH), formulated in North America, nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) decreases with increasing host diversity since host species differ in transmission potential. We analysedBorreliainfection in nymphs from 94 forest stands in Belgium, which are part of a diversification gradient with a supposedly related increasing host diversity: from pine stands without to oak stands with a shrub layer. We expected changing tree species and forest structure to increase host diversity and decrease NIP. In contrast with the DEH, NIP did not differ between different forest types. Genospecies diversity however, and presumably also host diversity, was higher in oak than in pine stands. Infected nymphs tended to harbourBorrelia afzeliiinfection more often in pine stands whileBorrelia gariniiandBorrelia burgdorferiss. infection appeared to be more prevalent in oak stands. This has important health consequences, since the latter two cause more severe disease manifestations. We show that the DEH must be nuanced for Europe and should consider the response of multiple pathogenic genospecies.

scholarly journals Disease Risk Assessment in Potato Cultures

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei FLEȘERIU ◽  
Ioan OROIAN ◽  
Ioan BRAȘOVEAN ◽  
Constantin MIHAI - OROIAN ◽  
Daniela BORDEA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Three Stages

The aim of our study was to elaborate a system of risk analyse against Phytophtora infestans  (Mont) de Bary attack degree in potato, in connection with climatic factors, in Transylvanian Plane. The risk assessment for potato late blight attack was conducted in tree experimental points located in the counties of Transylvanian Plane: Alba, Cluj, and Mureș. The data were statistically processed using STATISTICA v. 7.0 programme. The analyse of phytosanitary risk assessment consisted in three stages: initiation of the risk assessment, evaluation of the risk analyse, and risk management. Initiation of the risk assessment and evaluation of the ris analyses were performed. The risk management against Phytophtora infestans (Mont) de Bary attack degree in potato initiated involves treatment strategies, using environmentally friendly products, combined to culture appropriate works and strategies, as culture rotations, disinfestations of equipments, and appropriate storage of tubers used for seeding.

scholarly journals Urban Environments Aid Invasion of Brown Widows (Theridiidae: Latrodectus geometricus) in North America, Constraining Regions of Overlap and Mitigating Potential Impact on Native Widows

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Sadir ◽  
Katharine A. Marske
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Latrodectus Geometricus

Urbanization is a major cause of biotic homogenization and habitat fragmentation for native communities. However, the role of urbanization on the success of biological invasions on a continental scale has yet to be explored. Urbanization may facilitate the establishment success of invasive species by minimizing niche differentiation between native and invaded ranges. In such cases, we might expect anthropogenic variables to have stronger influence on the geographic distribution of invasive compared to native populations. In this study, we use ecological niche modeling to define the distribution of non-native brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus) and three native black widows (L. hespersus, L. mactans, L. variolus) in North America and gauge the importance of urbanization on the geographic ranges of widows at a continental scale. We also quantify the geographic overlap of L. geometricus with each native widow to assess potential species and regions at risk of ecological impact. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that the distribution of L. geometricus is strongly constrained to urban environments, while native widow distributions are more strongly driven by climatic factors. These results show that urbanization plays a significant role in facilitating the success of invasion, weakening the significance of climate on the realized niche in its invaded range.

scholarly journals Advances and Perspectives of Transgenic Technology and Biotechnological Application in Forest Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Yin ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Dandan Xiao ◽  
Yanting Liang ◽  
Yanwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Transgenic Technology ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gm Trees

Transgenic technology is increasingly used in forest-tree breeding to overcome the disadvantages of traditional breeding methods, such as a long breeding cycle, complex cultivation environment, and complicated procedures. By introducing exogenous DNA, genes tightly related or contributed to ideal traits—including insect, disease, and herbicide resistance—were transferred into diverse forest trees, and genetically modified (GM) trees including poplars were cultivated. It is beneficial to develop new varieties of GM trees of high quality and promote the genetic improvement of forests. However, the low transformation efficiency has hampered the cultivation of GM trees and the identification of the molecular genetic mechanism in forest trees compared to annual herbaceous plants such as Oryza sativa. In this study, we reviewed advances in transgenic technology of forest trees, including the principles, advantages and disadvantages of diverse genetic transformation methods, and their application for trait improvement. The review provides insight into the establishment and improvement of genetic transformation systems for forest tree species. Challenges and perspectives pertaining to the genetic transformation of forest trees are also discussed.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN NORTH AMERICAN FOREST-TREE GENERA

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (12) ◽  
pp. 411-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Tabular Form

Over 400 hybrids involving 28 North American genera of forest trees are described in tabular form with the object, primarily, of providing useful information for the forest-tree breeder. The genera involved are: Abies, Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Arbutus, Betula, Carya, Castanea, Catalpa, Cyprus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Gleditsia, Ilex, Juglans, Larix, Magnolia, Picea, Pinus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Taxus, Tilia, Tsuga, and Ulmus.

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