Headless Relative Clauses in Mesoamerican Languages

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Mesoamerican Languages ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
The Many ◽  
Future Work

This volume presents the collective work of a team of twenty-one scholars who have investigated headless relative clauses in fifteen languages from five language families—all Mesoamerican but one. Headless relative clauses have received little attention in the linguistic literature, despite the many morpho-syntactic and semantic puzzles they raise within and across languages and for our understanding of human language in general. Headless relative clauses have been even more neglected in the study of Mesoamerican languages. This volume constitutes the first in-depth, systematic study of headless relative clauses for any Mesoamerican languages we know of, and the broadest and most articulated crosslinguistic study of headless relative clauses that has been conducted so far. For most of the languages in this volume, there is no descriptive or documentary material on wh-constructions in general, let alone headless relative clauses. Many of the languages are threatened or endangered; all are understudied. All of the chapters constitute original contributions to typological and theoretical linguistics. The first chapter introduces and defines the varieties of headless relative clauses that are investigated in the other chapters, compares them to two related and better-known constructions, namely headed relative clauses and wh- interrogative clauses, summarizes the main findings in a comparative prospective, highlights the importance of studying headless relative clauses to understand human language, and provides a methodological framework for the other chapters and future work. All the other chapters are language-specific and follow a uniform format to facilitate comparisons and generalizations across languages.

Introducing Headless Relative Clauses and the Findings from Mesoamerican Languages

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-57
Author(s):  
Ivano Caponigro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Mesoamerican Languages ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
Concise Guide

This introductory chapter pursues several goals. First, it introduces the characters at the center of the volume: both the main characters, i.e., varieties of headless relative clauses, and the equally important supporting characters, i.e., headed relative clauses and wh- interrogative clauses. The next chapters can, therefore, assume that the reader is already familiar with these core constructions and just focus on their manifestations in the specific languages under investigation. Second, this chapter presents the definitions, methodologies, and tests that the authors have adopted, so that each subsequent, language-specific chapter can make use of them without further introduction or justification. In doing so, this chapter also fulfills a third goal: to provide a concise guide to scholars who are interested in pursuing further investigation of headless relative clauses in Mesoamerican and other languages. Fourth, the current chapter aims to highlight commonalities and differences in the findings from the other chapters and discusses how those findings contribute to the current understanding of headless relative clauses typologically and theoretically and of human language in general.

XXIV.—The Scattering of Light

1914 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 264-281
Author(s):  
James Robert Milne
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Special Apparatus ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

SummaryThe present paper describes a number of experiments made in connection with Christiansen's experiment in which a beam of light is passed through a transparent insoluble powder immersed in a liquid, with the result that light of the particular colour for which the indices of powder and liquid are the same passes unaffected, while light of all other colours is scattered. In this communication only the simplest case of the above is dealt with, that, namely, in which a flat piece of glass, ground on one side, takes the place of the powder, the rugosities of the ground surface representing a single layer of grains, and air takes the place of the liquid. In such a case there is, of course, no colour of light for which the indices of solid and liquid are alike, and indeed it was found that the colour of the light made very little difference to the results. On the other hand, however, it soon became apparent that different ways of grinding the glass surface led to very different effects. Accordingly, as no previous work appears to have been done in this field, and as it seemed a promising one, it was decided to make a systematic study of the various cases. Each specimen of glass employed was photomicrographed, and had its polar light distribution measured by a photometer. Two methods of characterising the particular scattering power of a screen soon suggested themselves and have been formally defined—the one connected with the Angle of Maximum Total Emission, and the other with the Equivalent Cavity.It is hoped to continue the investigation not only on the above lines, but also in the direction of ascertaining the effect of a number of plates, i.e. of successive layers of light-scattering particles; and in investigating the polarisation effects, which some rough preliminary experiments have shown to be marked.I am glad of this opportunity of acknowledging the help I have received from the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust in the form of grants for the construction of the special apparatus necessary; and desire to tender my grateful thanks to Professor MacGregor for the many facilities for carrying on the work which he kindly placed at my disposal.

A Phonomotor Approach to Apraxia of Speech Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2130
Author(s):  
Lauren Bislick
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Future Work

Purpose This study continued Phase I investigation of a modified Phonomotor Treatment (PMT) Program on motor planning in two individuals with apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia and, with support from prior work, refined Phase I methodology for treatment intensity and duration, a measure of communicative participation, and the use of effect size benchmarks specific to AOS. Method A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across behaviors and participants was used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of treatment effects 8–10 weeks posttreatment. Treatment was distributed 3 days a week, and duration of treatment was specific to each participant (criterion based). Experimental stimuli consisted of target sounds or clusters embedded nonwords and real words, specific to each participants' deficit. Results Findings show improved repetition accuracy for targets in trained nonwords, generalization to targets in untrained nonwords and real words, and maintenance of treatment effects at 10 weeks posttreatment for one participant and more variable outcomes for the other participant. Conclusions Results indicate that a modified version of PMT can promote generalization and maintenance of treatment gains for trained speech targets via a multimodal approach emphasizing repeated exposure and practice. While these results are promising, the frequent co-occurrence of AOS and aphasia warrants a treatment that addresses both motor planning and linguistic deficits. Thus, the application of traditional PMT with participant-specific modifications for AOS embedded into the treatment program may be a more effective approach. Future work will continue to examine and maximize improvements in motor planning, while also treating anomia in aphasia.

AFRICAN WOMEN AND FORBIDDEN GROUNDS: FEMALE SEXUALITY AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN AFRICAN LITERATURE

Imbizo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Oyeh O. Otu
Keyword(s):  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
African Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
African Women ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Sexual Repression

This article examines how female conditioning and sexual repression affect the woman’s sense of self, womanhood, identity and her place in society. It argues that the woman’s body is at the core of the many sites of gender struggles/ politics. Accordingly, the woman’s body must be decolonised for her to attain true emancipation. On the one hand, this study identifies the grave consequences of sexual repression, how it robs women of their freedom to choose whom to love or marry, the freedom to seek legal redress against sexual abuse and terror, and how it hinders their quest for self-determination. On the other hand, it underscores the need to give women sexual freedom that must be respected and enforced by law for the overall good of society.

T. Paul Schultz. Economics o[ Population. Reading, Mass. (USA): Addison - Wesley Publishing Co. 1981.

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Economic Demography ◽  
Advanced Students

Unfortunately this is not the long-awaited textbook in economic demography. Indeed, it is not so much a text - a survey and introduction to the area - as it is a collection of essays on particular topics, often quite advanced and difficult for all but advanced students to follow. Also, the volume should, in all fairness, be subtitled "A Chicago Approach" since the philosophical and theoretical orientation as well as the methodological framework presented is totally that of the Becker Nerlove Chicago School. Easterlin, Leibenstein and the other non Chicago writers are mentioned only in passing. Thus, a beginner to the field would gel no feeling for the enormous, far-ranging controversies which continue to rage.

The effects of long-term vigorous endurance exercise on the coronary arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Summary Data

Moderate endurance training is known to improve cardiovascular risk factors, and prolongs life expectancy. On the other hand, there has been some discussion whether “too much” exercise might have a contrarious effect by accelerating coronary atherosclerosis. The goal of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of long-term vigorous endurance training on the coronary vasculature. In summary, data point to an increased calcium score, and a higher burden of atherosclerotic plaque in male athletes compared to sedentary controls. However, the plaques found in athletes were more prone to be calcified. The pathogenesis and clinical relevance of this athlete coronary artery disease phenotype remains incompletely understood and represents an area of important future work.

The effects of long-term vigorous endurance exercise on the coronary arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Summary Data

Moderate endurance training is known to improve cardiovascular risk factors, and prolongs life expectancy. On the other hand, there has been some discussion whether “too much” exercise might have a contrarious effect by accelerating coronary atherosclerosis. The goal of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of long-term vigorous endurance training on the coronary vasculature. In summary, data point to an increased calcium score, and a higher burden of atherosclerotic plaque in male athletes compared to sedentary controls. However, the plaques found in athletes were more prone to be calcified. The pathogenesis and clinical relevance of this athlete coronary artery disease phenotype remains incompletely understood and represents an area of important future work.

An Introduction to Roman Retailing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The One ◽  
Value Of It

This chapter introduces the topic of retailing in the Roman world and outlines some of the important developments in its study. It establishes why the focus of the book zooms in from retailing in general to the retailing of food and drink in particular; thus from shops to bars. Another aim is to demonstrate the scope of the study, which is an in-depth analysis of specific shops and bars at Pompeii on the one hand, and on the other a broader survey of the retail landscapes of cities throughout the Roman world. Essentially this chapter provides the theoretical and methodological framework for the book, while also arguing for the value of it in the first place.

The development of body and organ shape

BMC Zoology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansa E. Cobham ◽  
Christen K. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Size Characterization ◽  
Organ Shape ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body. Main text Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics. Conclusion In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.

scholarly journals General Environment Description Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zatwarnicki ◽  
Waldemar Pokuta ◽  
Anna Bryniarska ◽  
Anna Zatwarnicka ◽  
Andrzej Metelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Description Language ◽  
It Systems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Future Work

Artificial intelligence has been developed since the beginning of IT systems. Today there are many AI techniques that are successfully applied. Most of the AI field is, however, concerned with the so-called “narrow AI” demonstrating intelligence only in specialized areas. There is a need to work on general AI solutions that would constitute a framework enabling the integration of already developed narrow solutions and contribute to solving general problems. In this work, we present a new language that potentially can become a base for building intelligent systems of general purpose in the future. This language is called the General Environment Description Language (GEDL). We present the motivation for our research based on the other works in the field. Furthermore, there is an overall description of the idea and basic definitions of elements of the language. We also present an example of the GEDL language usage in the JSON notation. The example shows how to store the knowledge and define the problem to be solved, and the solution to the problem itself. In the end, we present potential fields of application and future work. This article is an introduction to new research in the field of Artificial General Intelligence.

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