scholarly journals Branched-chain amino acid interactions in growing pig diets1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) Leu, Ile, and Val share the first steps of their catabolism due to similarities in their structure. The BCAA are reversibly transaminated in skeletal muscle through the activity of branched-chain aminotransferase and then transported to the liver. They undergo an irreversible decarboxylation catalyzed by the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Both enzymes are common to Leu, Ile, and Val and increased enzymatic activity stimulated by an excess of one of them will increase the catabolism of all BCAA, which can result in antagonisms. Leucine and its keto acid are the most potent stimulators of BCAA catabolic enzymes. Moreover, BCAA and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) share common brain transporters. Research has shown that high concentrations of BCAA, especially Leu, can decrease the absorption of LNAA, such as Trp, which is a precursor of serotonin and can have a significant impact in feed intake regulation. Finally, high Leu concentrations have the ability to overstimulate the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in an inhibitory effect on feed intake. Most of the research conducted to evaluate the impact of BCAA on growth performance of pigs seems to agree that high levels of Leu decrease weight gain, mostly due to a reduction in feed intake. However, some studies, mostly with finishing pigs, observed no evidence for an impact on growth performance even with extremely high levels of Leu. It could be hypothesized that these inconsistencies are driven by the entire dietary amino acid profile as opposed to only considering the level of Leu. Grow-finish diets typically contain high levels of Leu, but the other BCAA are also well above the requirement and could potentially mitigate the negative impact of Leu on BCAA catabolism. Indeed, some studies suggest that when diets contain high levels of Leu, more Ile and Val are needed to optimize growth performance. However, the precise relationship between BCAA and their balance in swine diets is not fully understood. More research is needed to understand and quantify the relationship between LNAA and BCAA.

scholarly journals Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids to a reduced-protein diet improves growth performance in piglets: involvement of increased feed intake and direct muscle growth-promoting effect

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 2236-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liufeng Zheng ◽  
Hongkui Wei ◽  
Chuanshang Cheng ◽  
Quanhang Xiang ◽  
Jiaman Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Branched Chain

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementing branched-chain amino acids (AA) (BCAA) along with a reduced-protein diet increases piglet growth, and whether elevated feed intake and muscle growth-promoting effect contribute to this improvement. In Expt 1, twenty-eight weanling piglets were randomly fed one of the following four diets: a positive control (PC) diet, a reduced-protein negative control (NC) diet, an NC diet supplemented with BCAA to the same levels as in the PC diet (test 1 (T1)) and an NC diet supplemented with a 2-fold dose of BCAA in T1 diet (test 2 (T2)) for 28 d. In Expt 2, twenty-one weanling piglets were randomly assigned to NC, T1 and pair-fed T1 (P) groups. NC and T1 diets were the same as in Expt 1, whereas piglets in the P group were individually pair-fed with the NC group. In Expt 1, the NC group had reduced piglet growth and feed intake compared with the PC group, which were restored in T1 and T2 groups, but no differences were detected between T1 and T2 groups. In Expt 2, T1 and P groups showed increases in growth and mass of some muscles compared with the NC group. Increased feed intake after BCAA supplementation was associated with increased mRNA expressions of agouti-related peptide and co-express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), as well as decreased mRNA expressions of melanocortin-4 receptor and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the hypothalamus. No differences were observed among PC, T1 and T2 groups except for higher NPY mRNA expression in the T2 group than in the PC group (Expt 1). Phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1 in muscle was enhanced after BCAA supplementation, which was independent of change in feed intake (Expt 2). In conclusion, supplementing BCAA to reduced-protein diets increases feed intake and muscle mass, and contributes to better growth performance in piglets.

scholarly journals Expression of a Heterologous Glutamate Dehydrogenase Gene inLactococcus lactis Highly Improves the Conversion of Amino Acids to Aroma Compounds

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1354-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesbeth Rijnen ◽  
Pascal Courtin ◽  
Jean-Claude Gripon ◽  
Mireille Yvon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Aroma Compounds ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Cheese Curd ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The first step of amino acid degradation in lactococci is a transamination, which requires an α-keto acid as the amino group acceptor. We have previously shown that the level of available α-keto acid in semihard cheese is the first limiting factor for conversion of amino acids to aroma compounds, since aroma formation is greatly enhanced by adding α-ketoglutarate to cheese curd. In this study we introduced a heterologous catabolic glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene into Lactococcus lactis so that this organism could produce α-ketoglutarate from glutamate, which is present at high levels in cheese. Then we evaluated the impact of GDH activity on amino acid conversion in in vitro tests and in a cheese model by using radiolabeled amino acids as tracers. The GDH-producing lactococcal strain degraded amino acids without added α-ketoglutarate to the same extent that the wild-type strain degraded amino acids with added α-ketoglutarate. Interestingly, the GDH-producing lactococcal strain produced a higher proportion of carboxylic acids, which are major aroma compounds. Our results demonstrated that a GDH-producing lactococcal strain could be used instead of adding α-ketoglutarate to improve aroma development in cheese.

scholarly journals The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism: the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse

2006 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hutson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Acid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) are indispensable (essential) amino acids that are required for body protein synthesis. Indispensable amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet. The BCAA leucine provides hormone-like signals to tissues such as skeletal muscle, indicating overall nutrient sufficiency. BCAA metabolism provides an important transport system to move nitrogen throughout the body for the synthesis of dispensable (non-essential) amino acids, including the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. BCAA metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain levels high enough to support these important functions, but at the same time excesses are prevented via stimulation of irreversible disposal pathways. It is well known from inborn errors of BCAA metabolism that dysregulation of the BCAA catabolic pathways that leads to excess BCAAs and their α-keto acid metabolites results in neural dysfunction. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, Joshi and colleagues have disrupted the murine BDK (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase) gene. This enzyme serves as the brake on BCAA catabolism. The impaired growth and neurological abnormalities observed in this animal show conclusively the importance of tight regulation of indispensable amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Effects of Herbal Adaptogen Feed-Additive on Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, and Muscle Amino Acid Profile in Heat-Stressed Modern Broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Greene ◽  
Clay Maynard ◽  
Casey M. Owens ◽  
Jean-François Meullenet ◽  
Sami Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Cyclic Heat

Heat stress has strong adverse effects on poultry production and, thereby, threats its sustainability, which energized scientists to search for innovative and effective solutions. Here, we undertook this study to evaluate the effects of in-feed herbal adaptogen (stress response modifier) supplementation on growth performances, meat quality, and breast amino acid profile in chronic cyclic heat-stressed broilers. Day-old male Cobb 500 chicks (n = 720) were randomly assigned, in environmental chambers (n = 12, 24 pens), to three diet-treatments: a three-phase corn-soybean based diet fed as such (Control, C), or supplemented with the herbal adaptogen at 500 g/1000 kg control diet (NR-PHY-500) or at 1 kg/1000 kg control diet (NR-PHY-1000). From d29 to d42, birds from 9 chambers were exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS, 35°C from 9:30 am-5:30 pm), however, the rest of the chamber were maintained at thermoneutral conditions (24°C, TN), which creates 4 experimental groups: C-TN, C-HS, NR-PHY-500HS, and NR-PHY-1000HS (6 pens/group, 168 birds/group). HS altered growth performance via depression of feed intake and body weight. Adaptogen supplementation stimulated feed intake and averaged 65.95 and 83.25 g better body weight and 5 and 10 points better FCR at low and high dose, respectively, compared to heat-stressed birds. This increase in body weight was mirrored in enhanced weights of body parts (breast, tender, wings, and legs). Adaptogen supplementation modulated also breast amino acid profile, pH, color, and quality. Together, these data suggested that adaptogen supplementation could be a promising solution to alleviate heat stress, however further in-depth investigation for its mode of action and its underlying mechanisms are warranted.

BLOOD BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO AND α-KETO ACID CONCENTRATIONS AND NET EXCHANGE ACROSS THE PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA AND HINDLIMB OF FED AND FASTED RUMINANTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD J. EARLY ◽  
JAMES R. THOMPSON ◽  
ROBERT J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
GARY W. SEDGWICK
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

In the first of two experiments, whole blood branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and plasma branched-chain α-keto acid (BCKA) concentrations in jugular venous blood were determined in cattle and sheep before and during a 6-d fast. In cattle, concentrations of valine, isoleucine, α-ketoisovalerate (KIV) and α-ketomethylvalerate (KMV) remained unchanged whereas leucine and α-ketoisocaproate (KTC) increased (P < 0.05) during fasting. In sheep, only KIV and KMV remained unchanged whereas BCAA and KIC increased (P < 0.05) during fasting. In a second experiment on cattle chronically catheterized to measure BCAA and BCKA exchange across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and hindlimb (HL), the PDV added and the HL removed BCAA from the blood of fed cattle. The opposite exchange occurred after a 6-d fast. Releases of BCKA from the PDV and HL in both fed and fasted states were small compared to BCAA exchanges. The data suggest that blood BCAA but not BCKA concentrations may respond differently to starvation in sheep versus cattle and that in cattle the PDV and HL do not release appreciable amounts of BCKA relative to the net movements of the BCAA. Key words: Portal-drained viscera, hind limb, branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain α-keto acids, fasting, ruminants

scholarly journals Interactions among the branched-chain amino acids and their effects on methionine utilization in growing pigs: effects on plasma amino– and keto–acid concentrations and branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase activity

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Langer ◽  
Peter W. D. Scislowski ◽  
David S. Brown ◽  
Peter Dewey ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Acid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Branched Chain

The present experiment was designed to elucidate the mechanism of the methionine-sparing effect of excess branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) reported in the previous paper (Langer & Fuller, 2000). Twelve growing gilts (30–35 kg) were prepared with arterial catheters. After recovery, they received for 7 d a semipurified diet with a balanced amino acid pattern. On the 7th day blood samples were taken before (16 h postabsorptive) and after the morning meal (4 h postprandial). The animals were then divided into three groups and received for a further 7 d a methionine-limiting diet (80 % of requirement) (1) without any amino acid excess; (2) with excess leucine (50 % over requirement); or (3) with excesses of all three BCAA (leucine, isoleucine, valine, each 50 % over the requirement). On the 7th day blood samples were taken as in the first period, after which the animals were killed and liver and muscle samples taken. Plasma amino acid and branched-chain keto acid (BCKA) concentrations in the blood and branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH; EC 1.2.4.4) activity in liver and muscle homogenates were determined. Compared with those on the balanced diet, pigs fed on methionine-limiting diets had significantly lower (P < 0·05) plasma methionine concentrations in the postprandial but not in the postabsorptive state. There was no effect of either leucine or a mixture of all three BCAA fed in excess on plasma methionine concentrations. Excess dietary leucine reduced (P < 0·05) the plasma concentrations of isoleucine and valine in both the postprandial and postabsorptive states. Plasma concentrations of the BCKA reflected the changes in the corresponding amino acids. Basal BCKDH activity in the liver and total BCKDH activity in the biceps femoris muscle were significantly (P < 0·05) increased by excesses of leucine or all BCAA.

scholarly journals Changes in amino acid profile of cord blood plasma and amniotic fluid of mothers with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Lomova ◽  
VV Chagovets ◽  
EL Dolgopolova ◽  
AV Novoselova ◽  
UL Petrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact

Neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 are at risk for infection, they may have high risk of complications during the neonatal period, and long-term health consequences. The study was aimed to define the amino acid profile of blood plasma and amniotic fluid in patients with COVID-19 in order to assess the relationship between the COVID-19 infection during the antenatal period, and metabolomic alterations in the “intrauterine” patient. The levels of 31 amino acids in the samples of amniotic fluid and cord blood plasma of pregnant women with COVID-19, obtained during delivery, were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The index group included 29 patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, and the control group included 17 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in the concentrations of eight amino acids between the studied groups. Logistic regression models were developed (sensitivity 0.84; specificity 1) making it possible to define, whether the assessed amniotic fluid was obtained from COVID-19 patients. Significant differences in the concentrations of four amino acids were observed in the umbilical cord blood. The models developed made it possible to define whether the studied cord blood plasma belonged to controls or to COVID-19 patients (sensitivity and specificity 1). Three amino acids were detected, and their levels were significantly different in COVID-19 patients simultaneously in two points (amniotic fluid and cord blood plasma), depicting the fetal metabolome in a holistic manner. The impact of the virus on those infected results in pronounced metabolomic alterations in the amniotic fluid and the fetal cord blood plasma, which may lead to impaired programming of protein production, but never show up at birth.

scholarly journals The Combination of Dietary Branched-Chain and Limiting Amino Acids Modulates Feed Intake Through Both Peripheral and Central Mechanisms in Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 686-686
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Cedrick Shili ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Parniyan Goodarzi ◽  
Adel Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Serotonin Concentration ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Serotonin

Abstract Objectives Due to its negative influence on human health and environment, excess nitrogen excretion is challenging the sustainability of swine industry. Severe reduction of dietary protein may reduce the excretion of nitrogen from swine production, but this results in poor growth performance of pigs. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of supplementing LP diets with both branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; i.e., leucine, isoleucine, valine) and other limiting amino acids (LAA; i.e., lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan) at levels higher than suggested requirements on the growth performance and mRNA and protein abundance of markers associated with feed intake in nursery pigs. Methods Forty-eight weaned barrows at 3 weeks of age were individually housed and following 2 weeks of adaptation, randomly assigned to 6 treatments for 4 weeks: 1) positive control: 20% crude protein (CP); 2) negative control (NC): 14% CP; 3) NC + LAA 25% more than suggested levels (L25); 4) NC + LAA 50% more than suggested levels (L50); 5) NC + LAA and BCAA 25% more than suggested levels (LB25); 6) NC + LAA and BCAA 50% more than suggested levels (LB50). At week 4 of starting experimental diets, all pigs were euthanized and blood samples, hypothalamus and jejunum samples collected. The data were analyzed with univariate GLM (SPSS®). Results Final body weight was significantly higher in LB50 than L50. The pigs fed with LB50 and LB25 had higher average daily feed intake than L50 and L25, respectively. The LB50 reduced the plasma serotonin concentration relative to L50 and NC. The overall effect of diet on mRNA abundance of hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5HTR2B) was significant, but no differences among groups were detected. The pigs in LB50 and LB25 had higher mRNA abundance of hypothalamic NPY (∼20%) than NC. Conclusions Supplementing the LP diets with increased levels of both dietary BCAA and LAA reduced the plasma serotonin concentration and improved the growth performance and feed intake partly through increased hypothalamic NPY. Funding Sources This work was supported by Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals and by Hatch project from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

scholarly journals 88 Dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids higher than recommended levels in nursery pigs fed with moderately low protein diet: effects on growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Adel Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Feed cost and excess nutrients excretion are threatening the swine industry. Moderately low protein (MLP) diets are less expensive and reduce the nitrogen excretion, but they may have negative influence on growth performance of pigs. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of MLP diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine) higher than Nutrients Requirements of Swine (NRC) recommendation on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty-eight weaned barrows at 3 weeks of age were weighed, individually housed and randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments including: 1) PCON: 20% crude protein (CP), 2) NCON: 14% CP; 3) C25: NCON+ limiting amino acids (LAA, i.e. lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) 25% more than NRC levels, 4) C50: NCON+LAA 50% higher than NRC recommendations; 5) CB25: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 25% more than NRC; 6) CB50: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 50% higher than NRC. The data were analyzed with univariate GLM with Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). The CB50 had higher final body weight, average daily gain, average daily water intake and average daily feed intake than C50 with the latter tended to be higher than NCON. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio tended to be greater for CB25 and CB50 relative to C25 and C50, respectively. Compared to C50, CB50 improved the mean and cumulative feed intake in all the weeks. CB50 also tended to improve the body weight gain and gain: feed in week 2 relative to C50. In conclusion, supplementing MLP diets with limiting amino acid at 25% or 50% higher than NRC recommendations was failed to recover the negative effects of these diets on growth performance. Adding BCAA more than NRC levels to MLP diets improved the growth performance with the effects of added BCAA level being negligible.

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