Prediction of Travelling Time and Exhaust Gas Emission of Ships on the Northern Sea Route

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Reimer ◽  
Quang-Tan Duong
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Travelling Time ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Impact

In order to simulate the impact of increased shipping activities to the arctic environment for a scenario with decreasing ice extent and ice volume, a simulation tool for ship travelling time was enhanced with regard to the determination of fuel consumption and exhaust emission on the Northern Sea Route (NSR). The tool was then used to investigate the impact of ships in different periods within the years 2000 and 2007 with various ice conditions. The transit speed is compared for different periods in the past and present by using ice records from different years together with route parameters and ship data as input for a simulation program. The program is able to calculate the ship resistance in open water and additional components due to wind, waves and ice within a speed range. By including specific propulsion data of the ship, a requested power is obtained for the speed range. The maximum speed is finally interpolated using the maximum available shaft power. The simulations are carried out for three different ship types with different hull shapes and propulsive power. The results show a significant decrease of travelling time for 2007 compared to 2000. Further in 2007 the season in which transport via the NSR is profitable is clearly extended to the winter months. In a second work task the program is further developed with respect to the determination of fuel oil consumption and exhaust gas emission. Due to increased resistance during ice breaking, high thrust has to be provided at low speed leading to an off design condition for propulsion arrangements which are optimised for service speed in open water. It can be found that the resulting actual fuel consumption is closely related to the operation profile of the ship. High values for fuel consumption thereby occur at service speed in ice free water but also at very low speeds in very tough ice conditions. For moderate ice conditions the fuel consumption and related emissions can be lower especially if the ship is forced to slow steaming for safety reasons.

scholarly journals The Effect of Trim on Tanker, Container and Bulk Carrier Ship Toward the Reduction of Ship’s Exhaust Gas Emission

Kapal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Robin Undap ◽  
Arif Fadillah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Reduce Fuel Consumption ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
The Impact

Emission is one of the few environmental problems, and ships are one of the modes of transportation that produce it. This study aims to define the impact of using optimal trim during the cruising phase, so it can decrease the resistance and the fuel consumption, which will lead to less emission produced by the ship. The type and amount of ships used in this study are three tanker ships, three container ships, and two bulk carrier ships. The methodology used in this study is by using Holtrop’s resistance calculation method with the help of Maxsurf software. The resistance, the power needed, and the fuel consumption is calculated on 22 trim variations and seven speed variations. This study determined that the average decrease in fuel consumption caused by trim optimization for tanker, container, and bulk carrier ships is 5.641%, 8.269%, and 15.704%. Furthermore, the average decrease of emissions produced by tanker, container, and bulk carrier is 6.494%, 11.317%, and 13.775%, respectively. These results are narrowed down to conclude that trim optimization can reduce fuel consumption by up to 9.871% and decrease the emission produced by up to 10.529% for the three types of ships used in this study.

scholarly journals Management of Chipping Operations in Polish Forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Gendek ◽  
Monika Aniszewska ◽  
Witold Zychowicz ◽  
Tadeusz Moskalik ◽  
Jan Malaťák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Work Shift ◽  
Work Site ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Machine Base

The aim of the research was to verify the impact of selected parameters on the efficiency and organization of chipper operations. The paper analyzes chipping operations in Polish forests with a focus on work site location, overnight chipper location, chipper workload per site, fuel consumption, and work shift duration, as all of these factors may affect operating efficiency. The mean chipper travel distance between sites during a shift ranged from 4.74 km to 9.5 km (chippers moved on average every other day). The mean work shift duration was 12.4 h. At the end of a shift, the chippers traveled on average from 4.2 km to 6.3 km to an overnight location. At the beginning of a workday, the chippers were dispatched to sites at a distance of 2.5 km to 4.0 km. The average fuel consumption of the forwarder-mounted chippers was 16 L/h and that of the truck-mounted chipper was 7.7 L/h. It was found that the following actions have a decisive influence on the effectiveness of the operation of the chippers: determination of the size of individual tasks and the deployment of successive forest areas, indication of the proper location of the machine base, and the method of accessing the forest area.

Determination of Propeller-Ice Milling Loads

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
T. Kotras ◽  
D. Humphreys ◽  
A. Baird ◽  
G. Morris ◽  
G. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Propeller Blade ◽  
Good Strength ◽  
Propeller Design ◽  
Blade Width ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Ice Loads ◽  
Ship Speed

In designing ice transiting ships, a major concern is the design of the propeller to provide adequate strength to resist ice loads due to propeller ice milling while still providing good propeller efficiency for open water observations as well as high icebreaking thrust at slow advance speeds. As a result, propeller design is a compromise between strength and efficiency. This is especially true for ice transiting ships that must transit long distances on ice-free routes and then perform difficult ice-breaking operations. The geometric properties of a propeller blade that provide good strength are blade width and thickness. Unfortunately, increasing these properties does not provide the best efficiency. Propeller design for ice transiting ships in general has tended to favor strength and reliability over efficiency in design compromises. The purpose of this paper is to outline a methodology for determining propeller ice milling loads as a function of propeller characteristics, propeller speed, ship speed, ice conditions and depth of ice milling to help in the propeller design process.

scholarly journals ANALISIA PENGARUH CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR SOLAR-MINYAK JARAK PAGAR PADA KINERJA MOTOR DIESEL DAN EMISI GAS BUANG

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Sumarsono
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Mixture Composition ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
Electricity Power

A test of a diesel motor using the fuel mixture of diesel-jatropha oil has been conducted in order to analyze the influence of fuel mixture composition to the motor performance and exhaust gas emission. The motor which had a single cylinder, 4 cycles, with maximum energy output of 4.4 kW at 2600 rpm, moved agenerator as electricity power load. The percentage of jatropha oil in fuel mixture was 0%, 10%, 30%, 50% and 100%. The testing method was, to each fuel mixture composition and at constant 2000 rpm motor rotation with electricity power load of 0 and 2 kW, the data concerning to the fuel consumption, lubricating oiltemperature and exhaust gas emission was measured. The test result indicated that the higher the percentage of jatropha oil in fuel mixture, the higher the fuel consumption and the CO2 and NOx emission in exhaust gas, but the lower the HC and O2 emission and opacity of exhaust gas.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Cutting Speed and Feed Rate on Forces in Turning of Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 862 ◽  
pp. 270-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
János Kundrák ◽  
Gergely Szabó ◽  
Angelos P. Markopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Finite Elements ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Cutting Conditions ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cutting Speeds

The impact of cutting speeds and feed rates on the components of the forces exerted on a 16MnCr5 steel workpiece is experimentally measured, when turning with PCBN tool. The cutting speed range of the tests varies between 90 to 240 m/min while the feed rate is between 0.05 and 0.25 mm/rev for each cutting speed, allowing for the determination of the influence of cutting conditions on forces. Additionally, finite elements models for the simulation of the aforementioned experiments are provided. The proposed models exhibit good correlation of their results on cutting forces and chip formation with the measurements and observations of the experiments. Furthermore, the models can provide a wide range of additional parameters, i.e. plastic strain rates and temperatures within the workpiece. Results of the presented analysis can be used for an efficient process planning for the turning of steels under cutting conditions used in the industry.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of Using Catalytic Additives to Fuel on Exhaust Emissions from a Diesel Engine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Tkaczyk ◽  
Konrad Krakowian ◽  
Radosław Włostowski ◽  
Zbigniew Sroka
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Catalytic Additives

The results from laboratory tests and field tests, available in the open literature for over ten years, despite the announcement of high efficiency translating into increased energy efficiency and such significant ecological advantages, have not so far resulted in widespread use of fuel performance catalysts (FPC) on a global scale. Wishing to explain why the above situation occurred and to verify the operation of catalytic additives for fuels; this article presents the results of research on the effect of using catalytic additives for fuel in a brand new diesel engine. The article contains an analysis of the results of exhaust gas emission tests from the Doosan MD196TI engine. During the tests, the engine was fueled with a typical diesel fuel and the same fuel with the a catalyst additive. The catalyst was added to the liquid fuel in the form of a commercially available product distributed by ProOne company under the name FMAX. The research was carried out in the form of a test, much more developed than the approval test on a stationary braking station in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8178. The article is concluded with a comparative analysis of exhaust gas emission results illustrating the effects of a catalyst in the form of reduction of solid particles, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. In addition, the effect of the catalyst depends on the product of thermal (brake) efficiency of the engine and the calorific value (CV) of the fuel used.

scholarly journals Effect of Cassava Biogasoline on Fuel Consumption and CO Exhaust Emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujahid Wahyu ◽  
Hadi Rahmat ◽  
Gabriel Jeremy Gotama
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Speed Range

Cassava biogasoline was tested on electronic fuel injection vehicles in urban traffic conditions with varying engine load. Biogasoline tested includes B0, B10, B20, and B30. The engine speed was operated within 750 to 1800 rpm (low-speed range) to simulate urban traffic condition. The engine load was varied through the operation of air conditioner (AC). Fuel consumption was measured in real terms (ml/s) and CO emissions were measured with the Hesbon HG 520 Engine Gas Analyzer (EGA) in the percentage of total exhaust gas. The results showed that B10 has the lowest fuel consumption of 0.24 ml/s in conditions without AC and 0.41 ml/s with AC. Meanwhile, CO emissions tend to be constant with change in the proportion of cassava biogasoline and increased with additional AC load.

scholarly journals Profiling Sea Ice with a Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL)

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1151-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kwok ◽  
T. Markus ◽  
J. Morison ◽  
S. P. Palm ◽  
T. A. Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Cloud ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Arctic Coast ◽  
Background Photon ◽  
532 Nm

AbstractThe sole instrument on the upcoming Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat-2) altimetry mission is a micropulse lidar that measures the time of flight of individual photons from laser pulses transmitted at 532 nm. Prior to launch, the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) serves as an airborne implementation for testing and development. This paper provides a first examination of MABEL data acquired on two flights over sea ice in April 2012: one north of the Arctic coast of Greenland and the other in the east Greenland Sea. The phenomenology of photon distributions in the sea ice returns is investigated. An approach to locate the surface and estimate its elevation in the distributions is described, and its achievable precision is assessed. Retrieved surface elevations over relatively flat leads in the ice cover suggest that precisions of several centimeters are attainable. Restricting the width of the elevation window used in the surface analysis can mitigate potential biases in the elevation estimates due to subsurface returns at 532 nm. Comparisons of nearly coincident elevation profiles from MABEL with those acquired by an analog lidar show good agreement. Discrimination of ice and open water, a crucial step in the determination of sea ice freeboard and the estimation of ice thickness, is facilitated by contrasts in the observed signal–background photon statistics. Future flight paths will sample a broader range of seasonal ice conditions for further evaluation of the year-round profiling capabilities and limitations of the MABEL instrument.

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