Damage to masonry buildings caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Bruneau ◽  
Koji Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
A Minor

The seismic performance of the few masonry structures present in the Kobe area and subjected to the severe Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake is a minor concern when compared to the overwhelming damage suffered by other types of structures. However, in order to dispel the myth that masonry structures are nonexistent in Japan as well as a few other misconceptions, and for the sake of completeness within the concerted multipaper reporting effort on the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake by the Canadian reconnaissance team which visited the epicentral area of this earthquake, a brief description of the past and present state of masonry construction in Japan is first presented, followed by a short description of the damage to unreinforced masonry buildings, masonry garden-walls, and nonstructural masonry elements, as observed by the authors during their visits to the Kobe area. Key words: earthquake, seismic, masonry, buildings, bearing walls, unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry, failures, design codes.

Performance of masonry structures during the 1994 Northridge (Los Angeles) earthquake

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Bruneau
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Evaluation ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
The Impact

The surface magnitude 6.8 Northridge earthquake which struck the Los Angeles area on January 17, 1994, damaged a large number of engineered buildings, of nearly all construction types. As earthquakes of at least similar strength are expected to occur in most of eastern and western Canada, the study of the effects of this earthquake is of particular significance to Canada. This paper, as part of a concerted multi-paper reporting effort, concentrates on the damage suffered by masonry buildings during this earthquake, and explains why the various types of observed failures occurred. The seismic performance of all masonry construction similar to that commonly found in Canada is reviewed, but a particular emphasis is placed on providing an overview of damage to unreinforced masonry structures which had been rehabilitated before this earthquake. To provide a better appreciation of the impact of this earthquake on masonry buildings, and a better assessment of the engineering significance of their damage in a Canadian perspective, this paper first reviews the evolution of building code requirements for unreinforced masonry buildings up to the seismic retrofit ordinances enacted prior to this earthquake. Examples of various damage types, as observed by the author during his reconnaissance visit to the stricken area, are then presented, along with technically substantiated descriptions of the causes for this damage, and cross-references to relevant clauses from Canadian standards and codes, as well as the recently published Canadian Guidelines for the Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, whenever appropriate. Key words: earthquake, unreinforced masonry, seismic rehabilitation, retrofit, retrofitted masonry building, reinforced masonry, buildings, failure, collapse, heritage buildings.

Testing of Masonry Structures for Seismic Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Michele Calvi ◽  
Gregory R. Kingsley ◽  
Guido Magenes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Seismic Assessment ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Seismic Loadings ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
Reduced Scale

The experimental evaluation of strength, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity of unreinforced masonry buildings subjected to seismic loadings presents unique and complex problems, both for laboratory and field evaluations. The paper addresses these problems, focusing on the relative merits and roles of several experimental techniques, including quasistatic, dynamic, and pseudodynamic loadings at full and reduced scale.

Performance of Masonry Buildings during the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 191-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Decanini ◽  
Adriano De Sortis ◽  
Agostino Goretti ◽  
Randolph Langenbach ◽  
Fabrizio Mollaioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Effects ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Damage Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
Macroseismic Scale ◽  
Observed Damage

The 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake struck a relatively limited geographical area where the communities are mainly agrarian. While most buildings in the region are masonry, there are significant differences in the type of masonry construction, as material characteristics and construction practices had changed over the centuries. This paper focuses on the masonry buildings that predominate in domestic construction. The most significant features that contributed to the damage pattern appear to be (1) construction criteria, techniques, and details that were inadequate for seismically active areas, particularly in buildings constructed or substantially modified over the past 100 years, and (2) site effects resulting from differences in amplification and frequency of the vibrations that locally increased the destructiveness of the earthquake. The observed damage did not correlate to the vulnerability that would be assigned to the structures under the European Macroseismic Scale.

Masonry Buildings' Seismic Failures

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-148
Author(s):  
Eftychia Apostolidi
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
The World ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Structures

<p>Masonry structures are probably the most popular and ancient type of buildings all over the world. Easy access of its constitutive materials, which are basically stones, bricks, and mortar (which varies from region to region), makes masonry one of the everlasting construction methods from small residential buildings to the most important ancient and historic monuments. <p>Some masonry buildings have proved to be resistant structures even in seismic prone areas, due to some specific structural characteristics that have been observed throughout the years and after many destructive earthquakes. In this chapter, an effort will be made to refer to and describe the most characteristic deficiencies in unreinforced and reinforced masonry buildings under seis-mic actions. Design recommendations for new earthquake-resistant structures will follow, and some retrofitting and strengthening strategies for existing masonry buildings will be proposed.

Seismic assessment and improvement of unreinforced stone masonry buildings

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giaretton ◽  
Dmytro Dizhur ◽  
Francesca Da Porto ◽  
Jason M. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Seismic Assessment ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
A Minor

Following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes considerable effort was applied to the task of developing industry guidance for the seismic assessment, repair and strengthening of unreinforced masonry buildings. The recently updated “Section 10” of NZSEE 2006 is one of the primary outputs from these efforts, in which a minor amount of information is introduced regarding vintage stone unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. Further information is presented herein to extend the resources readily available to New Zealand practitioners regarding load-bearing stone URM buildings via a literature review of the traditional European approach to this topic and its applicability to the New Zealand stone URM building stock. An informative background to typical stone URM construction is presented, including population, geometric, structural and material characteristics. The European seismic vulnerability assessment procedure is then reported, explaining each step in sequence of assessment by means of preliminary inspection (photographic, geometric, structural and crack pattern surveys) and investigation techniques, concluding with details of seismic improvement interventions. The challenge in selecting the appropriate intervention for each existing URM structure is associated with reconciling the differences between heritage conservation and engineering perspectives to reinstating the original structural strength. Traditional and modern techniques are discussed herein with the goal of preserving heritage values and ensuring occupant safety. A collection of Annexes are provided that summarise the presented information in terms of on-site testing, failure mechanisms and seismic improvement.

Seismic Performance of CFRP Strengthened Unreinforced Masonry Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 1904-1907
Author(s):  
Sheng Li Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Crack Width ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Earthquake Performance

This paper studies the earthquake performance of strengthening unreinforced masonry structures with CFRP. Using CFRP reinforced masonry structures can substantially increase the ultimate flexural strength and resisted deformations of the walls and columns ,at the same time can also effectively dispersed the distribution of crack width of cracks and constraints.

scholarly journals The building features acquired from the indigenous technology contributing in the better performance during earthquake: a case study of Bhaktapur City

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipendra Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Historical Database

This paper compiles the indigenous technologies adopted in the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal in the unreinforced masonry construction of traditional Newari houses constituting more than 90% buildings in Bhaktapur municipality and their significance during the earthquake. The building units adopted in this area are studied with respect to their performance during earthquake on the basis of seismic resistant design philosophy. The traditionally built non-engineered buildings have drawn the attention of disaster managers for many years; in this regard, the unreinforced masonry buildings (Newari houses) were assessed after the Sikkim-Nepal boarder earthquake of 2011.Still, the buildings constructed before the starting of engineering construction in Nepal are widely used for residential purpose at this culturally rich city and the traditional building construction technology which is the indigenous technology has been practiced for centuries too. The building features are analyzed with respect to their seismic performance and their contribution was analyzed as per the historical database; established practices and theories for earthquake resistant design (EQRD). The collected features and the analyses proved the features of the buildings to be sound during earthquake, though; the buildings were constructed with indigenous technology which nevertheless consults the EQRD within it. The indigenous technology at this city has been attached with the culture of the Newars for centuries.

scholarly journals 2010 Karakocan-Elazig earthquake and masonry structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Local Time ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Eastern Turkey ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
A Site

Abstract. Karakocan-Elazig-Turkey earthquake with M = 6.0 occurred on 8 March 2010 at 04:32 a.m. (local time) in eastern Turkey and caused the loss of life and heavy damages, as well. The majority of the damaged structures were seismically deficient, unreinforced masonry buildings. In this paper, a site survey of the damaged buildings is presented and the reasons behind the damages are discussed.

Strengthening of Masonry Structures: Current National and International Approaches for Qualification and Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 501-506
Author(s):  
Antonio Bonati ◽  
Annalisa Franco ◽  
Orsola Coppola ◽  
Giuseppina de Luca
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
International Level ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inorganic Matrix

The strong seismic events that have occurred in Italy during the past few years have shown the vulnerability of unreinforced masonry structures all over the country. The growing interest in the use of composite materials as a fast and effective way for structural strengthening pushed Italian public authorities to define common rules for qualification and design. Different guidelines are being developed at the national, but also at the international level, considering the different composite systems currently present on the market, generally constituted by continuous fibres in the form of fabrics or meshes embedded in a polymeric or inorganic matrix. The paper will summarize and compare the various assessment and design approaches of the composite system, highlighting the different aspects which characterize national and international procedures of certification.

A History of Reinforced Masonry Construction Designed to Resist Earthquakes: 1755-1907

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Tobriner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
History Of

Although the reinforcement of masonry buildings against earthquake damage was known as early as 1755, it only came of age in the United States in the late 1930s. This survey, which includes antiseismic construction systems dating from 1755, 1783, 1784, 1854, 1870, 1872, 1906 and 1907 illustrates how common sense solutions for the reinforcement of masonry buildings had already been invented and used long before the Long Beach earthquake in 1933 which stimulated modern reinforcement research.

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