Exploration of Effective Attention Strategies for Neural Automatic Post-editing with Transformer

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jaehun Shin ◽  
Wonkee Lee ◽  
Byung-Hyun Go ◽  
Baikjin Jung ◽  
Youngkil Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Shared Task ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Source Sentence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Joint Encoding ◽  
Translation Errors ◽  
Encoding Strategy ◽  
Proper Strategy

Automatic post-editing (APE) is the study of correcting translation errors in the output of an unknown machine translation (MT) system and has been considered as a method of improving translation quality without any modification to conventional MT systems. Recently, several variants of Transformer that take both the MT output and its corresponding source sentence as inputs have been proposed for APE; and models introducing an additional attention layer into the encoder to jointly encode the MT output with its source sentence recorded a high-rank in the WMT19 APE shared task. We examine the effectiveness of such joint-encoding strategy in a controlled environment and compare four types of decoder multi-source attention strategies that have been introduced into previous APE models. The experimental results indicate that the joint-encoding strategy is effective and that taking the final encoded representation of the source sentence is the more proper strategy than taking such representation within the same encoder stack. Furthermore, among the multi-source attention strategies combined with the joint-encoding, the strategy that applies attention to the concatenated input representation and the strategy that adds up the individual attention to each input improve the quality of APE results over the strategy using the joint-encoding only.

Calling translation to the bar

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Daniele Orlando
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
The One ◽  
Translation Errors ◽  
Collection Methods

Abstract This paper proposes a comparative analysis of the translation errors made by prospective legal translation trainees, with a special focus on the (mis)use of legal terminology and phraseology. The investigation relies on the data produced and collected within a wider empirical study on the translation problems faced by a cohort of translation graduates with no specialisation in legal translation on the one hand, and a cohort of linguistically-skilled lawyers with no translation-related qualifications on the other, who translated the same criminal law document from English into Italian. The translation errors made by the two cohorts have been classified on the basis of the categories proposed by Mossop (2014) and assessed following the severity scale devised by Vollmar (2001). The Translation Quality Index (cf. Schiaffino and Zearo 2006) thus obtained has allowed for the ranking of the participants in the five quality levels identified for legal translation by Prieto Ramos (2014). The findings of the quantitative and qualitative analyses of errors are also traced back to the participants’ translation process by triangulating data from the different collection methods used within the empirical study, i.e. screen recording, keystroke logging and questionnaires, with particular reference to time and reference material use. The specific design of this investigation, which considers the participants’ prior education as additional variable, allows for the identification of a possible correlation between the different backgrounds of the translators and the quality of their translations, with general consequences on the conceptualisation of legal translation competence and effective training.

scholarly journals Translation Quality Assessment of Proverbs from English into Arabic: The Case Study of One Thousand and One English Proverbs Translated into Arabic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodour Abdulaziz Alfaleh
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Lexical Choice ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Translation Errors

Proverbs are very important in every language and culture. However, translators sometimes mistranslate them. Thus, this study sheds light on the translation quality assessment of proverbs. These proverbs are collected from One thousand and one English proverbs translated into Arabic by Omar Jabak. This study aims at pointing out the most frequently used strategies for translating proverbs, and investigating how far Na Pham's error analysis model is appropriate for the description and assessment of the strategies used in translating these proverbs. Na Pham's error analysis model is used to identify comprehension, linguistic and translation errors. Moreover, this study aims at detecting the most common errors under each strategy used. The findings of this study show that Na Pham's error analysis model is appropriate for the assessment. It also reveals that there are certain types of errors which are committed more often than others. In addition, it uncovers that the types of errors detected when translating proverbs using partial equivalence and paraphrasing are very similar. Comprehension errors, giving an inaccurate meaning, and distorting the meaning are the most frequently detected errors when translating proverbs using partial equivalents and paraphrasing. On the other hand, wrong lexical choice and too-literal translation are the most frequently detected errors when using literal translation. Finally, this study suggests solutions for improving the quality of Arabic translations of proverbs. In addition, some recommendations for further studies are suggested.

scholarly journals Content Equivalence Analysis of Health News Translation: A Bakerian Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Maryam Gharedaghi ◽  
Razieh Eslamieh ◽  
Hamid Reza Shahidi
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
Health News ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Semantic Errors ◽  
Translation Errors ◽  
Persian Translation

The primary purpose of the present paper is to investigate content equivalence in the English to Persian translation of General Health News based on Baker's model. A descriptive qualitative study was designed and 10 texts from English and Farsi versions of Iran Newspaper were randomly selected. To assess the translation quality of the selected texts, the researcher compared the original and translated texts at word, phrase and sentence level and tabulated the obtained data and estimated the frequency and percentage of translation inadequacies. The results revealed that most errors in the English translations were rooted in the textual domain where the translators have misunderstood the general concept of the source context. This was followed by semantic errors. The third place was given to the errors in the pragmatic domain which mainly addressed the purpose and meaning of the concepts presented in the source language. The least frequently occurred errors were related to grammatical errors which mainly covered prepositions and tenses. Research on content equivalence, in general, can help experts assess the quality of the translated text. Research on content equivalence of particular texts can lead to detecting translation problems, translation errors and translation inadequacies in that particular field.

scholarly journals Creativity and Translation Quality: Opposing Enemies or Friendly Allies?

2018 ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rojo ◽  
Purificación Meseguer
Keyword(s):  
Personality Test ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
Creative Personality ◽  
Flexible Thinking ◽  
Translation Errors

In recent years, placing the translator’s agency at the fore of creativity research has drawn the scholars’ attention towards the need to define the role of individual personality traits in creativity in the translation process. But many questions still remain as to the role that a creative personality may play in the translation process and the final quality of translation performance. The study proposed here specifically aims to investigate the consequences of a creative profile for translation performance. The experiment correlates the scores of forty Spanish professional translators on a validated creativity personality test with their scores on product indicators of creativity. Translations were rated for accuracy and creativity by two different examiners. Results of the study suggest that creative intelligence plays a role in guiding translational behaviour, directing the translator’s attention and fostering flexible thinking, but does not necessarily guarantee higher quality in terms of number of translation errors. 

Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
B. Carragher ◽  
M. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Macromolecular Complexes ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

Manageable Self in the Early Hellenistic Era

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Vaia Touna
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Self ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Individual

This paper argues that the rise of what is commonly termed "personal religion" during the Classic-Hellenistic period is not the result of an inner need or even quality of the self, as often argued by those who see in ancient Greece foreshadowing of Christianity, but rather was the result of social, economic, and political conditions that made it possible for Hellenistic Greeks to redefine the perception of the individual and its relationship to others.

Reflecting the Sky in Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Cristofaro
Keyword(s):  
The Unconscious ◽  
Related Case ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Phenomenological Perspective ◽  
Auto Ethnography ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Artificial Water ◽  
Land Water

From a phenomenological perspective, the reflective quality of water has a visually dramatic impact, especially when combined with the light of celestial phenomena. However, the possible presence of water as a means for reflecting the sky is often undervalued when interpreting archaeoastronomical sites. From artificial water spaces, such as ditches, huacas and wells to natural ones such as rivers, lakes and puddles, water spaces add a layer of interacting reflections to landscapes. In the cosmological understanding of skyscapes and waterscapes, a cross-cultural metaphorical association between water spaces and the underworld is often revealed. In this research, water-skyscapes are explored through the practice of auto-ethnography and reflexive phenomenology. The mirroring of the sky in water opens up themes such as the continuity, delimitation and manipulation of sky phenomena on land: water spaces act as a continuation of the sky on earth; depending on water spaces’ spatial extension, selected celestial phenomena can be periodically reflected within architectures, so as to make the heavenly dimension easily accessible and a possible object of manipulation. Water-skyscapes appear as specular worlds, where water spaces are assumed to be doorways to the inner reality of the unconscious. The fluid properties of water have the visual effect of dissipating borders, of merging shapes, and, therefore, of dissolving identities; in the inner landscape, this process may represent symbolic death experiences and rituals of initiation, where the annihilation of the individual allows the creative process of a new life cycle. These contextually generalisable results aim to inspire new perspectives on sky-and-water related case studies and give value to the practice of reflexive phenomenology as crucial method of research.

QUALITY OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP LEVEL INTERVENTIONS FOR FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS AT THE TERTIARY PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL IN UGANDA.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kiiza Mwesiga ◽  
Noeline Nakasujja ◽  
Lawrence Nankaba ◽  
Juliet Nakku ◽  
Seggane Musisi
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Group Interventions ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: Individual and group level interventions have the largest effect on outcomes in patients with the first episode of psychosis. The quality of these individual and group level interventions provided to first-episode psychosis patients in Uganda is unclear.Methods: The study was performed at Butabika National Psychiatric Teaching and referral hospital in Uganda. A retrospective chart review of recently discharged adult in-patients with the first episode of psychosis was first performed to determine the proportion of participants who received the different essential components for individual and group level interventions. From the different proportions, the quality of the services across the individual and group interventions was determined using the first-Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale (FEPS-FS). The FEPS-FS assigns a grade of 1-5 on a Likert scale depending on the proportion of patients received the different components of the intervention. Results: The final sample included 156 first-episode psychosis patients. The median age was 27 years [IOR (24-36)] with 55% of participants of the female gender. 13 essential components across the individual and group interventions were assessed and their quality quantified. All 13 essential components had poor quality with the range of scores on the FEPS-FS of 1-3. Only one essential component assessed (use of single antipsychotics) had moderate quality.Discussion: Among current services at the National psychiatric hospital of Uganda, the essential for individual and group level interventions for psychotic disorders are of low quality. Further studies are required on how the quality of these interventions can be improved.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

La evaluación del interprofesionalismo en la educación basada en simulación

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (0) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Laura Silvia Hernández Gutiérrez ◽  
Angélica García-Gómez ◽  
Argimira Vianey Barona Nuñez ◽  
Erick López Léon
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Interprofessional Education ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Study Group ◽  
The Us ◽  
Improvement Strategies

The education based on simulation is an educationalstrategy where students learn from their errors, developing skills, knowledge, competences,etc. in a controlled environment. During the process of teaching by simulation, it is necessaryto execute various types of assessments (diagnostic, summative, formative) in order tomake adjustments or changes in the educational process of the students, therefore identifying areas of opportunity for improvement. With the simulation, different processes can be taught, like interprofessionalism and collaborative work. Nowadays, there is a major concern for added safety and the quality of care for the patients and their families. Therefore, a WHO study group determined the basic interprofessional competences, and has been given the task of disseminating and promoting interprofessional education. Some educational institutions in the US, Canada and Europe have integrated interprofessional and collaborative work in simulation practices. All the activity by simulation must be evaluated in order to provide feedback to the participants and establish improvement strategies. The assessment of the interprofessional work focuses on the evaluation of common skills and competencies among various health professionals.

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