scholarly journals From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Madaro ◽  
Marina Bouché
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Current View ◽  
Muscle Necrosis

Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3265
Author(s):  
Natalia Ziemkiewicz ◽  
Genevieve Hilliard ◽  
Nicholas A. Pullen ◽  
Koyal Garg
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Process

Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals lncRNAs in T lymphocytes: RNA-regulation at the heart of the immune response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah M. Plasek ◽  
Saba Valadkhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Genome-wide analyses in the last decade have uncovered the presence of a large number of long non-protein-coding transcripts which show highly tissue- and state-specific expression patterns. High throughput sequencing analyses in diverse subsets of immune cells have revealed a complex and dynamic expression pattern for these long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which correlate with the functional states of immune cells. While the vast majority of lncRNAs expressed in immune cells remain unstudied, functional studies performed on a small subset have indicated that their state-specific expression pattern frequently has a regulatory impact on the function of immune cells. In vivo and in vitro studies have pointed to the involvement of lncRNAs in a wide variety of cellular processes including both the innate and adaptive immune response through mechanisms ranging from epigenetic and transcriptional regulation to sequestration of functional molecules in subcellular compartments. This review will mainly focus on the role of lncRNAs in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which play pivotal roles in adaptive immunity. While lncRNAs play important physiological roles in lymphocytic response to antigenic stimulation, differentiation into effector cells and secretion of cytokines, their dysregulated expression can promote or sustain pathological states such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, cancer and viremia. This, together with their highly cell type-specific expression patterns, makes lncRNAs ideal therapeutic targets and underscores the need for additional studies into the role of these understudied transcripts in adaptive immune response.

scholarly journals RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kloc ◽  
Ahmed Uosef ◽  
Martha Villagran ◽  
Robert Zdanowski ◽  
Jacek Z. Kubiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Transplantation Model

The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.

scholarly journals Current Concepts of Biliary Atresia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7: A Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nomden ◽  
Leonie Beljaars ◽  
Henkjan J. Verkade ◽  
Jan B. F. Hulscher ◽  
Peter Olinga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 7

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cholangiopathy of infancy in which the bile ducts obliterate, leading to profound cholestasis and liver fibrosis. BA is hypothesized to be caused by a viral insult that leads to over-activation of the immune system. Patients with BA are surgically treated with a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), which aims to restore bile flow from the liver to the intestines. After KPE, progressive liver fibrosis is often observed in BA patients, even despite surgical success and clearance of their jaundice. The innate immune response is involved during the initial damage to the cholangiocytes and further differentiation of the adaptive immune response into a T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response. Multiple studies have shown that there is continuing elevation of involved cytokines that can lead to the progressive liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which the progressive injury occurs is not fully elucidated. Recently, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been investigated to be used as a biomarker to diagnose BA. MMPs are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, but also have non-ECM related functions. The role of MMP-7 and other MMPs in liver fibrosis is just starting to be elucidated. Multiple studies have shown that serum MMP-7 measurements are able to accurately diagnose BA in a cohort of cholestatic patients while hepatic MMP-7 expression correlated with BA-related liver fibrosis. While the mechanism by which MMP-7 can be involved in the pathophysiology of BA is unclear, MMP-7 has been investigated in other fibrotic pathologies such as renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-7 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, reducing cell-to-cell contact by shedding of E-cadherin, amplifying inflammation and fibrosis via osteopontin (OPN) and TNF-α while it also appears to play a role in induction of angiogenesis This review aims to describe the current understandings of the pathophysiology of BA. Subsequently, we describe how MMP-7 is involved in other pathologies, such as renal and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we propose how MMP-7 can potentially be involved in BA. By doing this, we aim to describe the putative role of MMP-7 as a prognostic biomarker in BA and to provide possible new therapeutic and research targets that can be investigated in the future.

scholarly journals The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca De Santa ◽  
Laura Vitiello ◽  
Alessio Torcinaro ◽  
Elisabetta Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling

scholarly journals Semaphorin Signaling in Cancer-Associated Inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Franzolin ◽  
Luca Tamagnone
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Anti Cancer

The inflammatory and immune response elicited by the growth of cancer cells is a major element conditioning the tumor microenvironment, impinging on disease progression and patients’ prognosis. Semaphorin receptors are widely expressed in inflammatory cells, and their ligands are provided by tumor cells, featuring an intense signaling cross-talk at local and systemic levels. Moreover, diverse semaphorins control both cells of the innate and the antigen-specific immunity. Notably, semaphorin signals acting as inhibitors of anti-cancer immune response are often dysregulated in human tumors, and may represent potential therapeutic targets. In this mini-review, we provide a survey of the best known semaphorin regulators of inflammatory and immune cells, and discuss their functional impact in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Labarrere ◽  
Ghassan S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Pattern Recognition Protein

The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host’s immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.

scholarly journals Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiel van Geffen ◽  
Astrid Deißler ◽  
Markus Quante ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

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