Racial Animosity, Adversary Effect, and Hate Crime: Parsing Out Injuries in Intraracial, Interracial, and Race-Based Offenses

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ráchael A. Powers ◽  
Kelly M. Socia
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Test Motivation ◽  
Interracial Violence

Although most crime in intraracial, studies suggest that interracial victimization is more injurious. This may be especially true for racially motivated offenses; however, studies of hate crime have not disaggregated which racial dyads are associated with injury, and whether they are more injurious than interracial victimizations generally. Likewise, studies of interracial violence often assume a theoretical framework grounded in racial animosity, but cannot test motivation directly. Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this study compares injuries across intraracial, interracial, and bias-motivated offenses. We find differences across racial dyad and the presence of racial animosity, however, the results are largely driven by the race of the offender. Implications for racial animosity theory, adversary effect, and hate crime literatures are discussed.

On Inheritances

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Tamara K. Nopper
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Crime Data ◽  
Organizational Infrastructure ◽  
Asian American Movement ◽  
Interracial Violence ◽  
Writers Workshop

In this presentation for the Asian American Writers’ Workshop, Tamara K. Nopper analyzes the emergent discourses of “anti-Asian violence” and “Black-Asian solidarity” within historical and sociological contexts. She begins with a discussion of the importance of the 1980s and 1990s as formative moments in terms of post-Asian American Movement organizational infrastructure. She then discusses interracial violence, the coeval growth of hate crime data and legislation, and the hashtag #StopAAPIHate. Her primary concern in this discussion is to reveal what work these narrative framings do in service of or in opposition to anti-Blackness and carcerality.

Assessing the “Statistical Accuracy” of the National Incident-Based Reporting System Hate Crime Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1562-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Nolan ◽  
Stephen M. Haas ◽  
Erica Turley ◽  
Jake Stump ◽  
Christina R. LaValle
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Crime Data

scholarly journals The victims of hate crime and the principles of the criminal law

Legal Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chara Bakalis
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hate Crime Legislation ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Crime Legislation ◽  
Exclusive Group

There is an ongoing debate amongst hate crime scholars about the categories of victims that should be included within hate crime legislation. Some commentators argue that affording protection to groups based on predefined characteristics results in many victims being excluded from the legislation. They would prefer a more inclusive approach that would offer protection to a potentially limitless number of groups. This paper considers the question from a doctrinal perspective, and argues that a principled way of deciding the characteristics of hate crime is required. It will conclude that the core concern of hate crime legislation is with the furthering of the broader equality agenda and, as such, the victims of hate crime should form an exclusive group based on those characteristics protected under equality legislation. This approach can help provide a theoretical framework for hate crime legislation that can be more easily accommodated within criminal law principles.

scholarly journals 4377 Missed Opportunities to Prevent Homicide: An Analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
Justin Cirone ◽  
Jennifer Cone ◽  
Brian Williams ◽  
David Hampton ◽  
Priya Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
Violence Intervention ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Study Population

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study is to better understand the homicide victim population who were institutionalized within 30 days prior to their death. Improved knowledge of this population can potentially prevent these future homicides. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective analysis of the 36 states included in the 2003-2017 National Violent Death Reporting System was performed. Demographics of recently institutionalized homicide victims (RIHV) in the last 30 days were compared to homicide victims who were not recently institutionalized. Circumstances of the homicide, such as suspected gang involvement, were also compared. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 81,229 homicides with 992 (1.2%) RIHV. The majority of RIHV were Black (49.6%) and older than victims who were not recently institutionalized (37.2 vs. 34.8, p<0.001). RIHV had a high school degree or higher in 54.8% of cases and the primary homicide weapon was a firearm in 67% of the deaths. They were more likely to be homeless (3.1% vs. 1.5%), have a mental health diagnosis (9.2% vs. 2.3%), abuse alcohol (6.1% vs. 2.2%), or abuse other substances (15.2% vs. 5.8%) [all p <0.001]. These victims were most commonly institutionalized in a correctional facility or a hospital compared to other facilities such as nursing homes. Homicide circumstances for RIHV were more likely to involve abuse/neglect (4.3% vs. 2.2%, p<0.001), gang violence (7.6% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.002), or a hate crime (1.0% vs. 0.1%. p<0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Contact with an institution such as a hospital or prison provides high-risk patients the opportunity to potentially participate in violence intervention programs. These institutions should seek to identify and intervene on this population to reduce the risk of violent homicides.

Hate Crimes Hurt More, but so Do Co-Offenders: Separating the Influence of Co-Offending and Bias on Hate-Motivated Physical Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Lantz ◽  
Joonggon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hate Crime Laws

One of the primary motivations for hate crime laws is that hate crimes “hurt more.” But hate crimes are often committed by groups, and research indicates that crimes committed by groups are also more violent than other crimes. This research focuses on one type of harm, physical injury, asking, are hate crimes more violent because they involve co-offenders or because of the bias motivation behind the incident? Results using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) indicate that hate crimes are positively associated with serious injury, but that this association is partially driven by co-offenders. More importantly, co-offending moderates this relationship: Incidents involving bias and co-offending are especially violent. Anti-sexual orientation incidents were an exception to this pattern, however, and are likely to be violent regardless of co-offending. These results suggest that hate crimes do hurt more, but that this relationship is partially attributable to the influence of co-offenders.

Mind wandering as data augmentation: How mental travel supports abstraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Faber
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Important Addition

Abstract Gilead et al. state that abstraction supports mental travel, and that mental travel critically relies on abstraction. I propose an important addition to this theoretical framework, namely that mental travel might also support abstraction. Specifically, I argue that spontaneous mental travel (mind wandering), much like data augmentation in machine learning, provides variability in mental content and context necessary for abstraction.

Associations Between Dutch LGBT Hate Crime Experience, Well-Being, Trust in the Police and Future Hate Crime Reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Allard R. Feddes ◽  
Kai J. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Abstract. LGBT-related hate crime is a conscious act of aggression against an LGBT citizen. The present research investigates associations between hate crime, psychological well-being, trust in the police and intentions to report future experiences of hate crime. A survey study was conducted among 391 LGBT respondents in the Netherlands. Sixteen percent experienced hate crime in the 12 months prior. Compared to non-victims, victims had significant lower psychological well-being, lower trust in the police and lower intentions to report future hate crime. Hate crime experience and lower psychological well-being were associated with lower reporting intentions through lower trust in the police. Helping hate crime victims cope with psychological distress in combination with building trust in the police could positively influence future reporting.

Adaptive and Maladaptive Neural Plasticity Due to Facial Nerve Palsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten M. Klingner ◽  
Stefan Brodoehl ◽  
Gerd F. Volk ◽  
Orlando Guntinas-Lichius ◽  
Otto W. Witte
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Nerve Lesion ◽  
Peripheral Facial Palsy

Abstract. This paper reviews adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms of cortical plasticity in patients suffering from peripheral facial palsy. As the peripheral facial nerve is a pure motor nerve, a facial nerve lesion is causing an exclusive deefferentation without deafferentation. We focus on the question of how the investigation of pure deefferentation adds to our current understanding of brain plasticity which derives from studies on learning and studies on brain lesions. The importance of efference and afference as drivers for cortical plasticity is discussed in addition to the crossmodal influence of different competitive sensory inputs. We make the attempt to integrate the experimental findings of the effects of pure deefferentation within the theoretical framework of cortical responses and predictive coding. We show that the available experimental data can be explained within this theoretical framework which also clarifies the necessity for maladaptive plasticity. Finally, we propose rehabilitation approaches for directing cortical reorganization in the appropriate direction and highlight some challenging questions that are yet unexplored in the field.

Syndromic Tracking and Reporting System Overview and Example

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jylmarie Kintz ◽  
Eliot Gregos ◽  
David Atrubin ◽  
Jeff Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System
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