Dog bite wounds in cats: a retrospective study of 72 cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110107
Author(s):  
Sigal Klainbart ◽  
Anna Shipov ◽  
Ori Madhala ◽  
Liron D Oron ◽  
Tomer Weingram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Vertebral Body Fractures ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Trauma Triage ◽  
Bite Wounds ◽  
Exploratory Procedure

Objectives Bite wounds are a common cause of trauma in cats; nevertheless, large-scale studies of this trauma in cats are lacking. The aims of the present study were to characterise the clinical and clinicopathological findings in these cats, to assess the association of these variables and therapeutic measures with survival, and to assess the association between the animal trauma triage (ATT) score and severity of injuries score (SS) at presentation with survival. Methods The medical records of cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital and two large referral clinics were reviewed retrospectively. Results The study included 72 cats diagnosed with canine bite wounds (with the dog attacks having been witnessed). Seventy-one percent of cats suffered multiple injuries, and there was a significant association between the number of injured body areas and survival, and between severity of injury and survival ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.012, respectively). The median ATT scores and SSs for non-survivors were significantly higher compared with survivors ( P <0.0001). There was a strong and significant correlation between ATT scores and SSs ( r = 0.704, P <0.0001). Total protein and albumin were significantly lower and alanine aminotransferase significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors ( P ⩽0.032). Fifty percent of cats were treated conservatively, 32% by local surgical debridement and 18% of cats required an exploratory procedure. Cats undergoing more aggressive treatments were significantly less likely to survive ( P = 0.029). Fifty-seven cats (79%) survived to discharge. Conclusions and relevance Cats sustaining canine bite wounds have a good overall prognosis for survival to discharge. High ATT score, high SS, multiple body area injuries, penetrating injuries, radiographic evidence of vertebral body fractures and body wall abnormalities, as well as hypoproteinaemia and elevated alanine aminotransferase, are negative predictors of survival.

Use of the Animal Trauma Triage Score, RibScore, Modified RibScore and Other Clinical Factors for Prognostication in Canine Rib Fractures

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenore Bacek ◽  
Kyoung Kim ◽  
George Miller ◽  
Philippe Gaillard ◽  
Kendon Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Flail Chest ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
Rib Fracture ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Puncture Wound ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Trauma Triage

Objectives To characterize the clinical features among dogs sustaining rib fractures and to determine if age, type and severity of injury, entry blood lactate, trauma score and rib fracture score were associated with outcome. Methods A retrospective study was performed to include dogs that were presented with rib fractures. Risk factors evaluation included breed, age, body weight, diagnosis, presence of a flail chest, bandage use, puncture wound presence, rib fracture number, location of the fracture along the thoracic wall, hospital stay length, body weight, other fractures, pleural effusion, pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax and occurrence of an anaesthetic event. A retrospective calculation of an animal trauma triage (ATT) score, RibScore and Modified RibScore was assigned. Results Forty-one medical records were collected. Motor vehicular trauma represented 56% of the rib fracture aetiology, 41% of patients sustained dog bites and one case was of an unknown aetiology. Significant correlations with risk factors were found only with the ATT score. All patients that died had an ATT score ≥ 5. The ATT score correlated positively with mortality (p < 0.05) with an ATT score ≥ 7 was 88% sensitive and 81% specific for predicting mortality. A 1-point increase in ATT score corresponded to 2.1 times decreased likelihood of survival. Mean hospital stay was 3 days longer for dog bite cases. Clinical Significance There was no increased mortality rate in canine patients that presented with the suspected risk factors. The only risk factor that predicted mortality was the ATT score.

Not all written in stone: interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rich Mooi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Scale

The fossil record of the Echinodermata is relatively complete, and is represented by specimens retaining an abundance of features comparable to that found in extant forms. This yields a half-billion-year record of evolutionary novelties unmatched in any other major group, making the Echinodermata a primary target for studies of biological change. Not all of this change can be understood by studying the rocks alone, leading to synthetic research programs. Study of literature from the past 20 years indicates that over 1400 papers on echinoderm paleontology appeared in that time, and that overall productivity has remained almost constant. Analysis of papers appearing since 1990 shows that research is driven by new finds including, but not restricted to, possible Precambrian echinoderms, bizarre new edrioasteroids, early crinoids, exquisitely preserved homalozoans, echinoids at the K-T boundary, and Antarctic echinoids, stelleroids, and crinoids. New interpretations of echinoderm body wall homologies, broad-scale syntheses of embryological information, the study of developmental trajectories through molecular markers, and the large-scale ecological and phenotypic shifts being explored through morphometry and analyses of large data sets are integrated with study of the fossils themselves. Therefore, recent advances reveal a remarkable and continuing synergistic expansion in our understanding of echinoderm evolutionary history.

Evaluation of the Pediatric Trauma Triage Checklist as a Prehospital Pediatric Trauma Triage Tool for the State of Florida

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Trauma Triage ◽  
Trauma Score ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractIntroduction:Triage of injured children poses a significant challenge for prehospital-care providers because there is no single trauma triage tool in use that has been developed specifically for children. The pediatric trauma score (PTS) probably is the single most studied and tested trauma triage tool developed solely for the pediatric population, and is an effective predictor of both severity of injury and potential mortality in injured children. However, the pediatric trauma score has been found to be an ineffective prehospital triage tool because it is not “user friendly” for field personnel. As such, the PTS has been modified to generate the more user-friendly ”pediatric trauma triage checklist (PTTC).”Methods:This study retrospectively reviewed 106 prehospital run reports to determine whether the patient met one or more of the criteria in the PTTC. By applying the MacKenzie algorithm to outcome data for each case, it was possible to determine whether the patient should have been sent to a trauma center.Results:The PTTC demonstrated a sensitivity of 86.2%, a specificity of 41.6%, and an accuracy of 66.0%. The PTTC demonstrate an overtriage rate of 58.3% and an under-triage rate of 13.8%. When compared with a previous study, the PTTC demonstrated a 74 % increase in overtriage. However, the 59% reduction in undertriage is more important.Conclusions:Use of the PTTC appears to have merit as a pediatric prehospital trauma triage tool but further study is recommended. The PTTC should be tested in a prospective, multiregional study involving a sample size sufficient to reach statistical significance.

scholarly journals Molecular Genetic Markers of Senescence: Current State of the Problem and Prospects for Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
A. A. Zyatkov ◽  
O. Y. Baranov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Theories Of Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

According to the postulates in biology and medicine, an irreversible violation of any of the elements of a functional system inevitably leads to senescence and destruction of its entire integrity. At the same time, the phenotypic manifestation of the final stages of degradation is similar and due to the peculiarities of the structural and functional organization of living species. Based on this, the established list of symptoms describing age-related changes in the human body is currently applied in medical practice, which allows determining both the physiological status of patients and the development of necessary therapeutic measures. At the same time, the use of any universal approach to diagnose the occurrence and genesis of the processes of senescence is ineffective, which is associated with a wide range of factors and mechanisms causing this type of pathogenetic disorders. For this reason, for many decades, one of the main tasks of gerontology has been a comprehensive analysis of the process of senescence. The result of such large-scale studies was the emergence of a significant number of theories explaining the causes and mechanisms of aging. This review considers a number of theories of aging that have received extensive experimental confirmation and recognition in world practice: free-radical, telomeric, apoptotic, and genetic.

scholarly journals Complex Interaction between Obesity and Trauma

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Severity Of Injury

ABSTRACT Trauma and obesity are large-scale epidemics that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In few studies, it has noted that there is the ‘obesity paradox’ (obesity has been found to be protective against mortality) due to certain causes, i.e. heart failure or cardiovascular disease. Subcutaneous fat can show great variability between individuals and increased subcutaneous fat may be protective against injuries by cushioning the internal abdominal organs against injurious forces in road traffic accidents. Many factors including the body fat distribution, body shape, and center of gravity may play an important role in the different injury patterns and severity of injury between men and women. A better understanding of how obesity influences trauma related injuries not only will help to improve the outcome but also foster the development of interventions to address the most salient and modifiable risk factors to reduce obesity related morbidity and mortality. In present article, we review the relevant literature with special considerations to understand the interactions of obesity and trauma with their impact on patient management and outcomes. How to cite this article Agrawal A. Complex Interaction between Obesity and Trauma. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(3):109-113.

Memoirs: Studies on the Structure, Development, and Physiology of the Nephridia of Oligochaeta VI. The Physiology of Excretion and the Significance of the Enteronephric Type of Nephridial System in Indian Earthworms

1945 ◽  
Vol s2-85 (340) ◽  
pp. 343-389
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Brownish Yellow ◽  
Terrestrial Animal ◽  
First Time ◽  
Blood Pigment

1. In an earthworm, as in most aquatic invertebrates, urea and ammonia form the main bulk of nitrogenous excretion and there is no trace of uric acid. These excretory products are first formed in the body-wall and gut-wall, pass therefrom into the coelomic fluid and blood, and are thence eliminated to the exterior by the nephridia. In Pheretima urea and ammonia pass out from the nephridia to the exterior either directly through the skin or through the two ends of the gut. 2. Ammonia and urea have been estimated for the first time in the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine of the earthworm. It has been shown that blood is not a mere carrier of oxygen, as Rogers believed, but that it also takes part in carrying urea and ammonia from the body-wall and gut-wall to the nephridia. The blood of the earthworm does not coagulate, indicating absence of fibrinogen. 3. The role of the nephridia in excretion and osmotic regulation has been determined. A comparison of the osmotic pressures of blood, coelomic fluid, and urine shows that the coelomic fluid is hypotonic to the blood, and that urine is markedly hypotonic both to the blood and coelomic fluid. The protein and chloride contents of the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine have been determined with a view to elucidate the differences in their osmotic pressures. It has been found that the urine contains the merest trace of protein, but that the amount of proteins in the blood is about eight times that contained in the plasma of the coelomic fluid. On the contrary, the chloride content of the coelomic fluid-plasma is about 60 per cent, higher than that of the blood-plasma. 4. The part of urine which is excreted from the blood is probably a protein-free filtrate, but the nephridia reabsorb all the proteins passing into them with the coelomic fluid-plasma. Similarly, there is a reabsorption of chlorides on a large scale from the initial nephridial filtrate during its passage through the nephridia. 5. A convenient method has been devised for collecting urine of the earthworm, which has made it possible to collect as much as 25 c.c. of urine in two and a half hours. The rate of excretion of the urine has been determined and it has been found that in an earthworm living in water the outflow of urine in twenty-four hours must be more than 45 per cent, of its body-weight. 6. It seems that an earthworm, when submerged in water, can live like a fresh water animal, and its gut acts as an osmoregulatory organ in addition to the nephridia, but in the soil it lives like a terrestrial animal and the osmo-regulatory function is adequately discharged by the nephridia alone which reabsorb chlorides and proteins, and are also active in the conservation of water. In Pheretima and other earthworms with an enteronephric type of nephridial system, the gut takes a prominent part in reabsorbing the water of the nephridial fluid and conserving water to its maximum extent. 7. The phagocytic section (ciliated middle tube) believed by Schneider to be absent in the nephridia of Pheretima has been shown to be distinctly present; it is also present in the nephridia of Lampito , Eutyphoeus, and Tonoscolex. The brownish yellow granules characteristic of this phagocytic section form a heavy deposit in the septal nephridia of Pheretima posthuma, heavier than that described in Lumbricus. The deposit increases with the age of the earthworm and forms a ‘storage excretory product’. 8. Spectroscopic examination has revealed that these brownish yellow granules, so far believed to be of guanine, are really blood-pigment granules, since a pyridine solution of them shows the two characteristic bands of haemochromogen. With regard to the blood-pigment, the nephridia function as ‘storage kidneys’. 9. The mechanism of nephridial excretion of the earthworm can be analysed into processes of filtration, reabsorption, and chemical transformation. 10. It is probable that the dorsal and ventral phagocytic organs of earthworms are additional excretory organs.

Thoracic bite trauma in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 65 cases

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Cabon ◽  
C. Deroy ◽  
F.-X. Ferrand ◽  
P. Pillard ◽  
T. Cachon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Surgical Wound ◽  
Bite Wound ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Bite Wounds

SummaryObjectives: To report a case series of thoracic bite trauma in dogs and cats and to evaluate risk factors for mortality.Methods: A retrospective study concerning thoracic bite wounds in dogs and cats was performed. Lesions were categorized by depth of penetration: no wound, superficial, deep or penetrating. Thoracic radiographic reports were reviewed. Lesion management was classified as non-surgical, wound exploration, or explorative thoracotomy.Results: Sixty-five cases were collected. Twenty-two percent of patients with normal respiratory patterns showed thoracic radio-graphic lesions. Respiratory distress was not correlated with mortality. Twenty-eight patients were presented with superficial wounds and 13 with deep wounds. Eight patients exhibited penetrating wounds. Radio-graphic lesions were observed in 77% of dogs and 100% of cats. Explorative thoracotomy was performed in 28% of patients, and surgical wound exploration in 17.2%. With the exception of skin wounds, thoracic wall discontinuity was the most frequent lesion. Thoracotomy was associated with increased length of hospitalisation but was not correlated with mortality. The mortality rate was 15.4%. No studied factor correlated with mortality, and the long-term outcomes were excellent.Clinical significance: A penetrating injury, more than three radiographic lesions, or both together seemed to be indicative of the need for a thoracotomy. In the absence of these criteria, systematic bite wound explorative surgery is recommended, with extension to thoracotomy if thoracic body wall disruption is observed.

scholarly journals Application of time to emesis data for primary triage of radiation accident victims

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Soloviev ◽  
A. S. Samoilov ◽  
A. O. Lebedev ◽  
M. K. Sedankin ◽  
E. A. Gudkov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Radiation Injury ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Primary Triage

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the risk of developing large-scale radiation accidents with a large number of victims, who will need primary medical triage and early prediction of the severity of injury for correct routing from the source of sanitary losses.Intention. Validation of the method of estimating dose by time-to-emesis under various exposure conditions for pre-hospital triage of victims.Methodology. The object of the study is the data from State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (Moscow) database of acute radiation injuries.Results and Discussion: We have analyzed individual data for the victims of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (114 persons) with a separate analysis of the irradiation conditions (short-term exposure for less than 20 minutes and prolonged exposure in selected groups), as well as the data from victims of other radiation accidents in the former USSR (26 persons) and 8 patients with total body radiotherapy without the use of antiemetics. It was shown that for the equal time-to-emesis intervals, predicted radiation injury is more severe in case of prolonged exposure vs short-term exposure. This may be due to varying rate of dose accumulation and so-called “unnecessary dose” effect – when the biological mechanism of vomiting has already been triggered against ongoing exposure. Results are presented as interval estimates of radiation injury severity by time-to-emesis for both short-term and prolonged exposures. We also have formulated two criteria for primary triage purposes in case of moderate or large numbers of victims due to large-scale radiation accidents.Conclusion. Recommendations for pre-hospital triage of victims are proposed.

Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L. I. Survival in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Optimum Ph

1. In an alkaline inorganic solution containing borate, no bacterial disintegration of tissues occurs in a week.2. Survival is prolonged by adding sugars to this solution, but not by the addition of bile salt or peptone. Monosaccharides are more effective than disaccharides, and both may enter the worm through its body wall.3. The effect of variations in certain physicochemical conditions was studied. Wide ranges of osmotic pressure, of the K/Naratio, and of the Ca/Na ratio, have little effect on the worms. The optimum pH is c. 8.4, and t h e optimum temperature c. 36° C. Approximately anaerobic conditions decrease the survival time.4. The effect of various bactericides, bacteriostatics and anthelmintics upon the worm were investigated in a preliminary manner. Many bactericides are toxic, certain anthelmintics are not. Survival is prolonged by 1/5000 trypan blue.5. A satisfactory medium for large-scale ‘culturing’ is: NaCl 150 mM., KC1 10 mM., CaCl2 1 mM., borax 6 mM., glucose 30 mM. (pH 8.6). In this the worms survive for c. 60 hr. at a temperature of 36° C.

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