Effect of palmyra palm fiber filler on properties of natural rubber vulcanizate

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-574
Author(s):  
J. Nwabanne ◽  
P. Igbokwe ◽  
E. Ezeonyebuchi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Loading Ratio

The effect of partial replacement of carbon black by Palmyra palm fiber on the cure characteristics, physico-mechanical and swelling properties of natural rubber vulcanizates was studied. The Palmyra palm fibers were extracted, treated and characterized so as to determine pH, moisture content, and ash content, loss on ignition, conductivity, cellulose, lignin, Hemicellulose, cellulose/lignin ratio and Acid soluble lignin. The functional groups in the Palmyra palm fiber was also determined using FTIR. The Palmyra palm powder with an average particle size of 75 μm was used in this study. The natural rubber/carbon black/Palmyra palm fiber (NR/CB/PPF) composites having eight different loadings, 0/70, 10/60, 20/50, 30/40, 40/30, 50/20, 60/10, 70/0, were prepared using a laboratory size two roll mill. The maximum Torque of NR/CB/PPF composites increased with increasing commercial filler loading ratio. The scorch time and cure time of NR/CB/PPF composites decreased as the ratio of CB loading increased. The tensile strength, modulus of elongation, tear strength and abrasion resistance of all the composites increased as the commercial filler loading ratio increased. This is due to the presence of the commercial filler which gave a better filler interaction. Also this behavior can be attributed to the particle size and surface area of the fillers used as the fillers with small particle size usually have a larger surface area which supports better filler-rubber interaction. The hardness increased as the palmyra palm fiber loading increased. The elongation at break decreases as carbon black filler loading increases except for the composite with CB/PPF ratio of 10/60. The effect of filler loading on the swelling behavior of NR/CB/PPF composites was also investigated in aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Result showed that the composites with more carbon black has less absorption than those with more palmyra palm fiber showing that the compounds with more carbon black has better interaction than those with palmyra palm fiber.

Physical Properties Variability of Zinc Powders Obtained by Electrochemical Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 689-693
Author(s):  
K.D. Naumov ◽  
V.G. Lobanov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Zinc Powders

The aim of this paper is to establish a regulatory change of zinc powders key physicochemical properties with varying electroextraction conditions. It was studied influence zinc concentration, alkali concentration and current density. Quantitative dependencies of zinc powders particle size and specific surface area from mentioned electroextraction parameters are shown. At increasing of zinc concentration, decreasing of NaOH concentration and decreasing of current density of powders particle size growth, correspondingly specific surface area is declined. It is indicated, that electrolytic zinc powders bulk density varies from 0.61 g/cm3 to 0.75 g/cm3 with a decrease of average particle size from 121 μm to 68 μm. In comparison, spherical powders bulk density used in various industries is currently 2.45-2.6 g/cm3. In all experiments, metal zinc content varied in the range of 91.1-92.5%, the rest - ZnO. To a greater extent, this indicator depends on powder washing quality from alkali and storage conditions.

scholarly journals Surface and Catalytic Properties of NiO and Co3O4 Solids Doped with Cobalt and Nickel Ions

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-484
Author(s):  
G.A. El-Shobaky ◽  
A.M. Turky ◽  
A.M. Ghozza
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Excess Oxygen ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Surface Excess ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
Nickel Species ◽  
Cobalt And Nickel

The effects of doping NiO and Co3O4 solids with cobalt and nickel species on their surface and catalytic properties were investigated. The amounts of dopant, in the form of the corresponding nitrate, were varied between 0.5–6.0 mol% cobalt ions and 2.0–6.0 mol% nickel ions. Pure and variously doped solids were subjected to thermal treatment at 300–700°C. The techniques employed were XRD, nitrogen adsorption at −196°C, decomposition of H2O2 at 30–50°C and estimation of the amount of surface excess oxygen on the variously prepared solids as determined by the hydrazine method. The results obtained revealed that the pure and variously doped NiO samples precalcined at 300°C consisted of a finely divided NiO phase having an average particle size of ca. 40 Å. Pure and variously doped Co3O4 specimens preheated at 500°C and 700°C were composed of a Co3O4 phase with a much bigger particle size (230 Å and 350 Å, respectively, for the solids precalcined at 500°C and 700°C). Doping of NiO followed by thermal treatment at 300°C and 500°C resulted in a measurable decrease in its BET surface area (19–23%), while doping of Co3O4 with nickel species followed by heating at 500°C and 700°C brought about a significant increase in its specific surface area (56–60%). Doping each of the NiO and Co3O4 solids with cobalt and nickel species greatly increased the amount of surface excess oxygen and effected a considerable increase in their catalytic activities. This increase was, however, much more pronounced in the case of NiO which attained a value of ca. 100-fold. Doping of NiO with cobalt species followed by thermal treatment at 300°C and 500°C decreased the activation energy (DE) of the catalyzed reaction to an extent proportional to the amount of dopant added. On the other hand, doping of Co3O4 with nickel species followed by thermal treatment at 500°C and 700°C did not change the value of DE. These results suggest that doping of Co3O4 with nickel species did not modify the mechanism of the catalyzed reaction but increased the concentration of catalytically active sites without changing their energetic nature.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

Effect of Vulcanization Temperature and Different Fillers on the Properties of Efficiently Vulcanized Natural Rubber

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mukhopadyay ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Zinc Stearate ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers

Abstract The present work deals with effect of vulcanization temperature on the polymer-filler interaction parameter, vulcanizate structure, and the technical properties of efficiently vulcanized natural rubber stocks in the presence of different fillers. We have used carbon blacks of four different particle sizes (ISAF, HAF, SRF, FT), reinforcing silica, and whiting. In the case of black fillers, as the particle size increases, reversion resistance increases. For all fillers, an increase of curing temperature from 150 to 180°C caused a reduction in strength, modulus, hardness, resilience; and an increase in elongation at break, compression set, and heat build-up. However, the flexing properties and abrasion loss showed improvement at higher curing temperature. Kraus' plots indicate that increase of curing temperature caused reduction in polymer-filler attachment. At both curing temperatures, the activity of fillers follow the order, ISAF > HAF > SRF > FT. Silica showed erratic behavior in that Kraus plots indicate nonreinforcement by the filler. Whiting also behaved abnormally with respect to Kraus plots; at lower filler loading, the system is nonadherent, becoming weakly adherent at higher concentrations. The abnormal behavior of silica-filled compounds has been explained on the basis of a reaction on the silica surface between silanol groups and zinc stearate. Westlinning and Wolff's αF values were found to be independent of curing temperature and characteristic of fillers only (the larger the particle size, the lower is the αF value). The increase in apparent crosslinking density in the case of reinforcing fillers is due to increased υr arising out of increased polymer-filler interaction. Therefore, the sulfur inefficiency parameters (E values) and zinc sulfide efficiency parameters (F values) become less significant in filled vulcanizates.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect by high specific surface area carbon black as secondary filler in silica reinforced natural rubber tire tread compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 106173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suppachai Sattayanurak ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Wisut Kaewsakul ◽  
Wilma K. Dierkes ◽  
Louis A.E.M. Reuvekamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Rubber Tire

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

Changes in Particle Size and Crystallinity in Ground Nickel Powder

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 468-472
Author(s):  
J.M. González ◽  
José A. Rodríguez ◽  
Enrique J. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Nickel Powder ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Average Particle

Nickel powder was dry-milled using a high-energy disc-oscillating mill. The average particle size increases and the specific surface area diminishes with milling time. Crystallite size decreases and microstrains increase, under the same conditions, as shown by X-ray analysis. At 120 min milling time, the crystallite size has a value of 17 nm, i.e., a nanostructured powder, with a perturbed lattice, is obtained. The above results have been compared with published data about the effects of milling on a ceramic powder. There is, in both cases, a general agreement concerning the changes produced in crystallite size. Nevertheless, opposite results are reached regarding particle size and specific surface area.

scholarly journals Microwave solvothermal synthesis and characterization of manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Wojnarowicz ◽  
Roman Mukhovskyi ◽  
Elzbieta Pietrzykowska ◽  
Sylwia Kusnieruk ◽  
Jan Mizeracki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Solvothermal Synthesis ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Zinc Acetate Dihydrate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Sem Images

Mn-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by using the microwave solvothermal synthesis (MSS) technique. The nanoparticles were produced from a solution of zinc acetate dihydrate and manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate using ethylene glycol as solvent. The content of Mn2+ in Zn1− x Mn x O ranged from 1 to 25 mol %. The following properties of the nanostructures were investigated: skeleton density, specific surface area (SSA), phase purity (XRD), lattice parameters, dopant content, average particle size, crystallite size distribution, morphology. The average particle size of Zn1− x Mn x O was determined using Scherrer’s formula, the Nanopowder XRD Processor Demo web application and by converting the specific surface area results. X-ray diffraction of synthesized samples shows a single-phase wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO without any indication of additional phases. Spherical Zn1− x Mn x O particles were obtained with monocrystalline structure and average particle sizes from 17 to 30 nm depending on the content of dopant. SEM images showed an impact of the dopant concentration on the morphology of the nanoparticles.

Preparation and Particle Size Characterization of Cu Nanoparticles Prepared by Anodic Arc Plasma

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Hong Xia Qiao ◽  
Zhi Qiang Wei ◽  
Ming Ru Zhou ◽  
Zhong Mao He
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Uniform Size

Copper nanoparticles were successfully prepared in large scales by means of anodic arc discharging plasma method in inert atmosphere. The particle size, specific surface area, crystal structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET equation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The experiment results indicate that the crystal structure of the samples is fcc structure as same as that of the bulk materials. The specific surface area is is 11 m2/g, with the particle size distribution ranging from 30 to 90 nm, the average particle size about 67nm obtained from TEM and confirmed from XRD and BET results. The nanoparticles have uniform size, higher purity, narrow size distribution and spherical shape can be prepared by this convenient and effective method.

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