scholarly journals Niepewność w grach – potencjalne korzyści i straty

Homo Ludens ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 223-240
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Skok
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind

The aim of the article is to indicate different types of uncertainty in games and to present them in the light of neurophysiological research and selected theories of motivation. The paper analyses pure, systemgenerated randomness (gambling and accidental luck), game complexity, and elements that relate on a tactical or strategic level to the human factor. In particular, the application of rules enabling games based on the power of the mind is discussed. The article concludes with the presentation of benefits and disadvantages following the potential implementation of elements inducing uncertainty.

The Human Factor of Cybercrime

2021 ◽  
pp. 089443932110115
Author(s):  
Benoît Dupont ◽  
Thomas Holt
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies ◽  
Societal Dimensions ◽  
Individual Human

This volume highlights the central role of the human factor in cybercrime and the need to develop a more interdisciplinary research agenda to understand better the constant evolution of online harms and craft more effective responses. The term “human factor” is understood very broadly and encompasses individual, institutional, and societal dimensions. It covers individual human behaviors and the social structures that enable collective action by groups and communities of various sizes, as well as the different types of institutional assemblages that shape societal responses. This volume is organized around three general themes whose complementary perspectives allow us to map the complex interplay between offenders, machines, and victims, moving beyond static typologies to offer a more dynamic analysis of the cybercrime ecology and its underlying behaviors. The contributions use quantitative and qualitative methodologies and bring together researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Australia, and Canada.

scholarly journals Symmetrization, Mirroring and External Reality: An ‘Inner’ Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Rosapia Lauro Grotto
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Psychoanalytic Literature ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
The Mind

In the last two decades, mirroring systems have been detected in the monkey and in the human brain. The mirroring mechanisms have been considered as the neural basis for social cognition and interpersonal reactivity, and they have been assumed to support imitation, sharing of emotional states and empathy. Here I would like to compare ‘mirroring phenomena’ to ‘symmetrization phenomena’. In psychoanalytic literature, the construct of symmetrization has been proposed in the context of the Bi-Logic theory by Matte Blanco in 1975, on the basis of clinical evidence obtained in the psychoanalytical setting and following a theoretical analysis derived from the Freudian distinction between Primary and Secondary Processes. I will consider two different types of behaviours, empathic social interactions and the creation of transitional objects and spaces as defined by Winnicott in order to argue that symmetrization, in Matte Blanco’s terms, cannot be reduced to mirroring. I will then sketch a hypothesis on the interplay between the symmetric aspects of the mind and external reality in the development of higher relational functions of humans, also taking playing, arts and creativity into account. Finally I will describe the paradigmatic shift in neuro-imaging studies that was introduced with the discovery of the ‘Default Mode Network’ and its potential relevance in the research on the symmetric and asymmetric aspects of the human mind.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. xiv-8
Author(s):  
Jeanette Gundel ◽  
Barbara Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intended Interpretation ◽  
The Mind

This chapter introduces the concept of reference, the process by which linguistic expressions apply to/pick out entities (in the world/the mind), roughly speaking their meaning or intended interpretation. It provides an overview of approaches to reference in the linguistic and philosophical literature. It then outlines the structure and content of the two parts of the volume: I. Foundations and II. Applications and Implications. Part I covers foundational topics such as different types of referring expression and their interpretation, and Part II covers the acquisition and processing of reference from the perspectives of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics, including robotics.

Why do We Say in April, on Thursday, at 10 O'Clock? In Search of an Explanation

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
Wrong Direction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

Why do we say ON Thursday but AT 10 o'clock? Or why do we say AT night but IN the morning? One common answer to such questions is to dismiss the problem: this is the way we speak because this is the way to speak; it is all arbitrary, conventional, idiosyncratic. It is argued that such answers are unilluminating and unsatisfactory. Prepositions such as ON, AT, or IN have their meanings, and the choice between them is motivated by these meanings. There are also certain conventions of use based on cultural expectations; the meanings and the cultural expectations interact and their interaction produces results whose "logic" may be difficult to detect — especially if one looks in the wrong direction, that is, that of "truth conditions" regarding external situations. In fact, however, the problem is not insoluble, and if it is approached with the understanding that meaning is all in the mind and that it is a matter of conceptualizations rather than "truth conditions", the hidden "logic " behind the choice of prepositions for temporal adverbials can be explained. The paper argues, and tries to demonstrate, that the prepositions AT, IN, and ON mean different things, and that the patterns of their use in different types of temporal phrases are determined by their meanings.

scholarly journals C. P. E. BACH ‘IN TORMENTIS’: GOUT PAIN AND BODY LANGUAGE IN THE FANTASIA IN A MAJOR, h278 (1782)

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW HEAD
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Body Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Pain ◽  
Keyboard Music ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind

ABSTRACTIn his Magazin der Musik, Carl Friedrich Cramer reported that C. P. E. Bach's Fantasia in A major, h278 (1782), was composed during the agonies of gout. Tapping into a reported epidemic of this patrician malady among men of letters, Cramer's anecdote invoked rich associations of sequestered suffering, withdrawal from public life, the pleasures of the table, genius, sexual (im)potency and humour. Reflecting contemporary nerve-based theories of sensation, Cramer aligned different types of physical and mental pain with specific musical gestures. In so doing, he did more than indulge his hermeneutic imagination: he suggested a connection between Bach's solo keyboard music and the experience of embodiment. The seemingly abstract gestures of improvisation were linked dialectically to the corporeal. Behind the specifics of Cramer's reading is a conviction that this kind of music ‘knows’ about the body, as well as the mind, and that it moves between gestures suggestive of thinking, speaking, feeling and corporeal sensation. Analysis of the fantasia, and Bach's letters, supports Cramer's reading.

scholarly journals Internet News Headlines: Ontological and Orthological Aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
E. N. Shirokova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Internet News ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
News Headlines ◽  
Semantic Interaction

The author presents the results of a multidimensional analysis of Internet news headlines based on the headings of the Yandex news aggregator. The issue of the text status of news headlines is considered. When solving this problem, special attention is paid to the formation of correlative paradigms of headings, united by a common denotative meaning. Methods of semantic interaction of heading paradigms based on different types of topic-rhematic deployment are described. It is proved that the paradigms of headings, complementing each other in informational and pragmatic aspects, form the discourse of Internet headings. It is concluded that this way of functioning of headlines enhances their semantic and visual autonomy from the news text, which allows us to consider Internet news headlines as minitext. The frequency methods of lexico-syntactic transformations of the original headings are analyzed, on the basis of which the constituents of paradigms are formed. At the same time, attention is focused on the orthological aspect of Internet headers. The author comes to the conclusion that the focus on the variability and efficiency of headings leads not only to the appearance of lexical and grammatical errors, but also to their replication and consolidation in the mind of the addressee as a result of changes in the structure of cognitive models.

scholarly journals التناص القرآني في رواية اللص والكلاب لنجيب محفوظ (Quranic Intertextuality in the Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb Novel written by Najīb Mahfūẓ)

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
نعيم عموري (Naiem Amouri) ◽  
خليل پرويني (Khalil Sarwayne) ◽  
كبرا روشنفكر (Capra Rochnevkr) ◽  
علي گنجيان خناري (Ali Kangjian Khanari)
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Classical Arabic ◽  
Religious Personality

ملخص البحث:النقد الأدبي علم حيّ ومتطور بتطور المجتمع والأفکار، وهو ذو صلة بالعلوم الإنسانية الأخری ولهذا له إفرازات عدّة، منها نظرية التناص التي لها مفاهيم قريبة في  النقد الأدبي العربي القديم؛ من إقتباس وسرقة أدبية وتضمين، إلاّ انّ التناص ممهد له ومقصود ولا يأتي عفو الخاطر. للتناص أنواع عدّة ومن أبرزها التناص القرآني الذي استخدمه  نجيب محفوظ في رواياته وقد کشفنا عنه في رواية (اللص والکلاب) محاولين إظهار أثر القرآن الكريم في هذه الرواية عبر التناص  الخارجي والداخلي، فيما يجول بخاطر الکاتب في روايته هذه، ونحاول کشف ماوراء هذا التناص القرآني من تلميحات وإشارات ورموز حتی نصل إلی المفاهيم الماورائية للتانص القرآني في هذه الرواية، ومن نتائج الدراسة أن نجيب محفوظ كان يهتم كثيرا بالدين والشخصية الدينية، وكثرة الرمز والتصوف في روايته وبروز القرآن الكريم في روايته.الكلمات المفتاحية: التناص القرآني- التناص الخارجي والداخلي- اللص والکلاب- نجيب محفوظ- التأثر.Abstract:Literary Criticism is living branch of knowledge that is developing with the progress of thought and society. It is related to other branches of human sciences and this is why it has various other off shoots of which is the theory of intertextuality with the concepts that are close to classical Arabic literary criticism such as adaptation, plagiarism and modulation. Intertextuality is something which is paved for and deliberate, thus it does not come about by the spontaneity of the impluses. There are different types of intertextuality of which the Quranic intertextuality is among the most stand out among these types. It has been used by Najīb Mahfūẓ in his novels. We have managed to uncover this aspect in his Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb novel by pointing out the influence of Quranic intertextuality in this particular novel through the internal and external intertextuality including what comes to the mind of the writer. We would also try to uncover the implied meanings, signs and symbols until we are able to arrive at the metaphysical concepts of Quranic intertextuality in this novel. The study concluded that Najīb Mahfūẓ was a writer who is concerned with religion and the religious personality in addition to his concerned in using symbols, Sufism and the Quran itself in his novel.Keywords: Quranic Intertextuality– External/Internal Intertextuality– Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb– Najīb Mahfūẓ– Influence. Abstrak: Kritikan sastera ialah cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang hidup dan membangun selari dengan kemajuan berfikir dan pembangunan masyarakat. Ia berkaitan dengan sains-sains kemanusiaan lain dan ini adalah mengapa ia mempunyai pengaruh dalam pelbagai bidang lain yang antaranya ialah teori intertekstualiti yang turut mempunyai konsep-konsep yang hampir dengan kupasan kritikan sastera Arab klasik seperti penyesuaian, plagiarisme dan modulasi. Intertekstualiti adalah sesuatu yang lahir dengan sengaja kerana ia tidak berlaku rentetan kespontanan tindak balas. Terdapat jenis-jenis intertekstualiti yang berbeza di mana ciri intertekstualiti dalam Al-Quran ialah antara yang paling menonjol di antara jenis-jenis ini. Ia telah turut digunakan oleh Najīb Mahfūẓ dalam novel-novelnya. Kami telah berjaya menemukan aspek ini dalam novelnya: Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb dengan menjelaskan pengaruh intertekstualiti Quran dalam novel tersebut melalui intertekstualiti yang berbentuk dalaman dan luaran termasuk juga apa terlintas bagi fikiran penulisnya. Kami juga telah berusaha untuk mendedahkan makna-makna yang tersirat, tanda-tanda dan juga simbol-simbol tertentu sehinggalah kami mampu sampai kepada konsep-konsep metafizikal intertekstualiti di dalam novel tersebut. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Najīb Mahfūẓ merupakan seorang penulis yang mempunyai kesan keagamaan yang mendalalam dalam hasil kerjanya. Dia juga mempunyai personality yang cenderung kepada keagamaan sebagaimana yang terlihat dalam penggunaan simbol-simbol, aspek Sufisme dan Al-Quran itu sendiri sendiri di dalam novelnya.Kata kunci: Intertekstualiti Al-Quran– Luaran/Dalaman– Al-Liṣṣ and Al-Kilāb– Pengaruh.

Please mind the brain, and brain the mind!

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1036
Author(s):  
Friedemann Pulvermüller
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Learning Principles ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Cortex

True, there may be two language-processing systems, lexicon and syntax. However, could we not say more than that they are computationally and linguistically distinct? Where are they in the brain, why are they where they are, and how can their distinctness and functional properties be explained by biological principles? A brain model of language is necessary to answer these questions. One view is that two different types of corticocortical connections are most important for storing rules and their exceptions: short-range connections within the perisylvian language cortex and long-range connections between this region and other areas. Probabilities of neuroanatomical connections plus associative learning principles explain why different connection bundles specialize in rule storage versus exception learning. Linguistic issues related to language change and plural formation in German are addressed in closing.

THE COMPOSITION OF PRIVATE PEDIATRIC PRACTICE IN A SMALL COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-558
Author(s):  
J. R. Boulware
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Small Community ◽  
The South ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mind

A summary of the preventive treatments given, and the different types of diseases and conditions seen in 25 years of private pediatric practice in a small southern community is divided into 19 classifications. An estimate of the percentage of time devoted to each classification is presented. Preventive medicine, i.e., routine care of infants, preventive treatments and routine examinations, constituted about two-fifths of this pediatric practice. Granting that firm scientific conclusions cannot be drawn from this study it is the author's opinion, based on records resulting from 25 years of practice, that an awareness of a disease in the mind of the pediatrician influences his diagnosis, that the locale of a practice will make for differences in incidence of certain diseases, and that the pattern of diagnosis, as well as of diseases, changes.

Is Compassion Innate? Spiritual and Eastern Perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Agnes M.F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Loving Kindness ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spiritual Perspectives ◽  
Treat All ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mind Training

In this chapter, the author begins with an overview of compassion from different spiritual perspectives and develops an appreciation that although each tradition expresses it differently, compassion can be summed up aptly by the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” The author shows that the principle of compassion lies at the heart of all religious, ethical, and spiritual traditions, calling us always to treat all others as we wish to be treated ourselves. The chapter then dives deeper into the Eastern perspectives on compassion, with special attention given to the Buddhist view because many contemporary secular compassion training programs borrow the mind-training tools that originate from Buddhism. The author reviews the four immeasurables—loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity—that are commonly practised together in the Buddhist tradition. Last, the author reviews the three different types of compassion—referential, insight-based, and nonreferential—in the Buddhist context.

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