Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 1. Resin Synthesis and OSB Mechanical Properties

Summary Bark residues generated by the pulp and paper and wood industries represent a threat to the environment due to leaching of chemicals such as phenolics and resin acids which are being currently regulated by governments. Vacuum pyrolysis of resinous bark produces phenolic-rich oils which represent a potential raw material to replace petroleum-based phenol presently used in the formulation of wood adhesive resols. Resols with different levels of phenol replacement by phenolic pyrolysis oils, formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and sodium hydroxide to phenolics molar ratios were synthesized. Strandboards werepreparedandtheirmechanicalandphysicalpropertiessuchasmodulusofrupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity (MOE), dry and 2-hour boil internal bond (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) were evaluated. Homogeneous panels bonded with resins having 25 and 50% by wt of pyrolysis oils replacing phenol exhibited comparable mechanical properties to those of panels made with a commercial surface resin under the same pressing conditions. Three-layer panels made with resins having 50 % by wt phenol replacement in the surface and 25% by wt phenol replacement in the core had mechanical properties above the requirements specified by the Canadian Standards CSAO437.0-93 for OSB products.

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Adhesives made from isocyanates and pyrolysis oils for wood composites

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2004.060 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 400-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Gagnon ◽

C. Roy ◽

B. Riedl

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Wood Composites ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Wood Adhesives ◽

Vacuum Pyrolysis ◽

Minimum Requirements ◽

Pyrolysis Oils ◽

Particleboard Properties

Abstract Wood adhesives derived from softwood bark pyrolysis oils (PO) and isocyanates (pMDI) have been developed for particleboards with a non-conventional blending system. The PO produced by the vacuum pyrolysis Pyrocycling™ process was used to replace between 30 and 40% by weight of the pMDI in a 4% adhesive-containing particleboard. Results showed that mechanical properties (IB, MOE and MOR) and thickness swelling of homogeneous boards exceeded the minimum requirements set by ANSI A208.1-1993 and ASTM 1037-96a standards. The study showed that pyrolysis oils can be mixed at ratios as high as 40% with pMDI and give acceptable interior grade particleboard properties. It was also shown that PO reduces panel to metal adhesion by 86%, in comparison to the control.

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Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 3. Use of Propylene Carbonate as Resin Cure Accelerator

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2002.046 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. Amen-Chen ◽

B. Riedl ◽

X.-M. Wang ◽

C. Roy

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Propylene Carbonate ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Cure Kinetics ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Cure Reaction ◽

Resin Solid ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Pyrolysis Oils

Summary Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resols were prepared with different proportions of phenol replaced with softwood bark pyrolysis oils under varying formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and sodium hydroxide contents. Propylene carbonate (PC) was added to these adhesives to improve the cure of resins. The cure behavior was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Cure kinetics and amount of cure of the experimental resin were improved by adding PC to the resins. Low amounts of PC were used (less than 1.5% of PC on a resin solid basis) to avoid premature gelling of the adhesives. Results obtained by DSC suggested that PC catalyzed the resin cure reaction and also participated in resin cross-linking reactions. Low percentages of PC, 0.5 and 1% on a resin solid basis, were added to the experimental resins for bonding strandboards. These addition levels did not significantly improve mechanical properties of strandboards. It is concluded that a PC addition level of more than 1% by wt (on a resin solid basis) should be used to modify the mechanical properties of panels bonded with pyrolysis oil-PF resins.

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EMBALAGENS CARTONADAS COMO MATÉRIA-PRIMA NA FABRICAÇÃO DE COMPÓSITOS

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i2.4990 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 177

Author(s):

Talita Baldin ◽

Maiara Talgatti ◽

Amanda Grassamann da Silveira ◽

Bruna Gabrieli Resner ◽

Elio José Santini

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Wood Particles ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

Waste Particles

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de uso de partículas de resíduos de embalagens cartonadas e partículas de Eucalyptus grandis para a fabricação de compósitos, colados com adesivo à base de ureia-formaldeído. Foram utilizadas cinco diferentes proporções de madeira de E. grandis e embalagens cartonadas. As partículas de madeira e embalagens cartonadas foram produzidas em laboratório. A avaliação da qualidade dos compósitos envolveu a caracterização da geometria das partículas, das propriedades físicas: massa específica básica, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, absorção de água e inchamento em espessura após 2 e 24 horas de imersão em água e das propriedades mecânicas: flexão estática (MOE e MOR), resistência ao arrancamento de parafuso, ligação interna e dureza Janka. A incorporação de partículas de embalagens cartonadas proporcionou uma melhoria nas propriedades físicas em relação aos compósitos puros de madeira. Já para as propriedades mecânicas, compósitos com até 50% de embalagens cartonadas obtiveram melhores resultados, no entanto, a incorporação a partir de 75% ocasionou decadência nessas propriedades. Compósitos de madeira de E. grandis e embalagens cartonadas apresentaram potencial para utilização em ambientes internos e podem ser uma alternativa para a produção de compósitos sustentáveis e de boa qualidade.Palavra-chave: materiais sustentáveis, propriedades físicas e mecânicas, ureia-formaldeído. CARTONBOARD PACKAGING AS A RAW MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITES ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential waste particles use of carton packaging and particles of E. grandis for the manufacture of particle boards, bonded with urea-formaldehyde-based adhesive. Five different proportions of E. grandis wood and cartons have been used. The wood particles and cartons were produced in the laboratory. The quality assessment panels involved characterizing the geometry of the particles, the physical properties: specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in water and mechanical properties: flexural static (MOR and MOE), resistance to screw pullout, internal bond and Janka hardness. The incorporation of particulate cartons provided an improvement in physical properties relative to pure wood panels. As for the mechanical properties, panels of up to 50 % of cartons obtained best results, however, incorporating from 75 % decay caused these properties. The wood particleboard of E. grandis and cartons showed potential for use indoors and become an alternative for producing sustainable panels and of good quality.Keywords: sustainable materials, physical-mechanical properties; urea-formaldehyde. DOI:

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Influence of Adding Offcuts and Trims with a Recycling Approach on the Properties of High-Density Fibrous Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12061327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1327

Author(s):

Conrad M. Sala ◽

Eduardo Robles ◽

Grzegorz Kowaluk

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Internal Bond ◽

High Density ◽

Raw Material ◽

Internal Bond Strength ◽

Fibrous Composites ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Linear Decrease

The sizeable global production of wood-based products requires new sources of raw material, but also creates large quantities of wastes or composites that do not comply with requirements. In this study, the influence of different shares of recovered high-density fiberboards (HDF-r), reversed into the production, on industrial HDF properties, has been examined. HDF-r may be a suitable partial substitute for raw pinewood for industrial HDF production. Although most of the mechanical properties, as well as thickness swelling and water absorption, had a linear decrease with the increase in the share of HDF-r share, the elaborated boards met most of the commercial requirements (EN 622-5). The property that did not meet the requirements was the internal bond strength for panels with 10% of HDF-r. The presented results show that, after some adjustments, it should be possible to produce HDF boards with up to 10% of recycled HDF being able to meet all commercial requirements.

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Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 2. Thermal Analysis by DSC and TG

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2002.045 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 273-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. Amen-Chen ◽

B. Riedl ◽

C. Roy

Keyword(s):

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Condensation Reaction ◽

Cure Kinetics ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Model Free ◽

Pyrolysis Oils

Summary Cure behavior of resins formulated with petroleum phenol replaced by 25 and 50 wt% of softwood bark-derived pyrolysis oils, using various formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and alkalinity content, was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Kinetic parameters were obtained by the Borchart-Daniels method and the model-free (Vyazovkin) method. Resins containing up to 50% by wt of pyrolysis oils had slower cure kinetics and lower extent of condensation reaction compared to a neat laboratory made phenol-formaldehyde resin. However, very similar kinetic curing behavior to the standard resins was found for resols having 25% by wt of the petroleum phenol replaced by the pyrolysis oils. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of cured pyrolysis oil-PF resins has been done under nitrogen and air environments at a constant heating rate. Thermal behavior of resins containing pyrolysis oils differed depending on the nature of the purge gas used in TG. Increasing the amount of pyrolysis oils decreased the thermal resistance of the experimental resins.

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Some Properties of Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) Particleboard Panels Made Using Modified Starch as Binder

Drvna industrija ◽

10.5552/drvind.2020.1947 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 371-377

Author(s):

Onur Ulker ◽

Salim Hiziroglu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Juniperus Virginiana ◽

Modified Starch ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Eastern Red Cedar ◽

Red Cedar

The objective of this study was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of experimental panels manufactured from eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) using modified starch as binder. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), hardness and dimensional stability in the form of thickness swelling and water absorption in addition to surface quality of the samples were tested. Panels were manufactured at three density levels, which are 0.60 g/cm3, 0.70 g/cm3 and 0.80 g/cm3. The highest MOE, MOR and IB values for the samples having 0.80 g/cm3 density were determined as 2207.16 MPa, 15.17 MPa and 0.87 MPa, respectively. Thickness swelling values of the samples soaked in water for 2 h ranged from 15.38 % to 23.23 %. Micrographs taken on the samples using scanning electron microscope revealed that starch was uniformly distributed within the particles. Based on the findings in this study, it appears that eastern red cedar would have a potential as a raw material to manufacture particleboard panel using modifi ed starch as green adhesive with accepted physical and mechanical properties.

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Hydrotreating of middle distillates with addition of pyrolysis oil from depolymerisation of waste plastics

Paliva ◽

10.35933/paliva.2020.03.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107-113

Author(s):

Blanka Zbuzková ◽

Karolína Jaklová ◽

Aleš Vráblík ◽

Radek Černý

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Research Work ◽

Sulphur Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Waste Plastics ◽

Pyrolysis Oils ◽

Quality Of Products ◽

Middle Distillates ◽

Alternative Feedstock

The research work deals with the influence of the addition of alternative pyrolysis fractions as a component of feedstock processed in the hydrogenation of middle distillates. The alternative feedstocks are middle boiling fractions of oils derived from pyrolysis of sorted waste plastics, namely polystyrene (PyOil-PS) and mixture of polypropylene and polyethylene (PyOil-PP/PE). The down-flow testing reactor was used for simulation of hydrogenation process. The effects of the addition of alternative pyrolysis fractions on the quality of products as well as on the activity of the desulphurisation catalyst were studied. The testing was divided into three steps. The reaction temperature was subsequently changed to achieve the level of sulphur content of 10 mg.kg-1. In the first step, the feedstock was changed to the standard feedstock used in the hydrogenation unit. When the required level of sulphur content has been achieved, the feedstock was changed in the second step. The feedstock was changed to a standard feedstock with addition of 5 wt% of the mentioned alternative feedstock. The addition of alterna-tive pyrolysis fractions were compensated by an increase in reaction temperature by 6 °C to achieve the level of sulphur content of 10 mg.kg-1. In the third step, the feed-stock was changed to the standard feedstock. The addi-tions of recycled alternative materials resulted in higher deactivation of the catalyst, which had to be compensated by an increase in reaction temperature of 3 °C for PyOil-PS oil and 6 °C for PyOil-PP/PE. Pyrolysis oils used showed to be potential raw material for co-processing with conventional feedstock. The overall effect on activity of catalyst should be verified during long-term testing. Products meet requirements of standard ČSN 590.

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Insulation Panels Made from Thermally Modified Bark

Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica ◽

10.2478/aslh-2019-0002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

Zoltán Pásztory ◽

Dimitrios Tsalagkas ◽

Norbert Horváth ◽

Zoltán Börcsök

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Control Panel ◽

Drying Process ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Panel Type

Abstract Thermally treated and ground poplar bark was used as the raw material for pressed bark insulation panels. Bark chips were treated for one, two, and three hours at 180 °C after a slow warming, drying process. The physical and mechanical properties of the pressed panels were investigated and compared to each other and to the control panel made of untreated bark chips. Thermal conductivity showed slight deviations and ranged from 0.064 – 0.067 W·m−1·K−1. The MOR and MOE showed a significant increase of 100%. The internal bond increased by 27% while the water absorption and thickness swelling decreased by 53.8% and 69.1% respectively. Panel density did not change significantly because the target density was the same for every panel type. The mechanical and physical properties of thermal insulation panels made of heat-treated chips increased significantly.

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Evaluation of properties of graded density fiberboard produced from wood residues (sawdust and corrugated paper)

BALTIC FORESTRY ◽

10.46490/bf494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Oghenekevwe Abigail Ohwo ◽

Ighoyivwi Onakpoma ◽

Eduvie Okoromaraye

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Waste Streams ◽

Wood Residues ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Corrugated Paper

Reuse of materials from waste streams is pertinent to achieving sustainable forest production. The enormous wood residues generated at sawmill and the disposal of wood based products poses threat not only to sustenance of the forest resources but also has negative adverse effect on the environment. Limitation exists in the utilization of wood residues as raw material for panel board production in developing countries. This study examined the physical and mechanical properties of graded density fiberboards produced from varying mixture of sawdust and corrugated paper (pulp) at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) in 2019. A 2x9 factorial experiment in one way analysis of variance was used to test for significant difference between the factors (density and mixing ratio) considered. The result shows that densities of all boards produced varied with mixing proportions. The densities increased with increasing content of corrugated paper. Boards produced at 0.45 g/cm3 showed higher density (0.648 g/cm3), bending strength (MOR) (1.47 N/mm2) and less water absorption (118.69 %) than those produced at 0.65 g/cm3 having values of 0.58 g/cm3, 1.32 N/mm2 and 153.67 % respectively. However boards produced at 0.65 g/cm3 had higher elasticity in bending (MOE) (209.19 N/mm2) and less thickness swelling (6.29 %) than those produced at 0.45 g/cm3 having values of 74.87 N/mm2 and 10.88% respectively. Panel G (20:60:20), E (30:50:20) and I (10:70:20) of sawdust: corrugated paper: urea formaldehyde respectively showed superior features in physical and mechanical properties with panel I been the best mixture. Conclusively, wood residues (sawdust and corrugated paper) are suitable raw material for fiberboard production.

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The Potential Use of Seaweed (Posidonia oceanica) as an Alternative Lignocellulosic Raw Material for Wood Composites Manufacture

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11010069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Ekaterini Rammou ◽

Andromachi Mitani ◽

George Ntalos ◽

Dimitrios Koutsianitis ◽

Hamid R. Taghiyari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Posidonia Oceanica ◽

Raw Material ◽

Lignocellulosic Materials ◽

Wood Composites ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Composites Manufacturing ◽

Wood Particles ◽

Slow Growing ◽

Potential Use

A big challenge in the composites industry is the availability of cheap raw lignocellulosic materials, potential candidates to replace slow growing trees, in order to minimize the production cost. Therefore, a variety of plants were studied and tested worldwide in composites manufacturing. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of manufacturing particleboards from seaweed leaves (Possidonia oceanica—PO). The use of such a material may benefit both socioeconomic and environmental development since these leaves settle on seashores and decay. The results showed that an incorporation of up to 10% PO leaves did not significantly affect the mechanical properties of the board. Internal bond strength was more severely affected than the other mechanical properties. The incorporation of PO leaves up to 25% did not significantly improve the dimensional stability of the boards. Markedly, boards made from 50% wood particles and 50% PO leaves showed the best thickness swelling values. It is suggested that higher resin dosage and an alternative resin system, such as isocyanates, may improve the panel properties.

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