The Diachrony of Pronouns of Address in 20th-century European Portuguese

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-79
Author(s):  
Víctor Lara-Bermejo ◽  
Ana Rita Bruno Guilherme
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
European Variety

Abstract The system of pronouns of address in Portuguese is known for its complexity. Although many investigations (mainly case studies) on Brazilian Portuguese have been carried out to this respect, there is lack of in-depth studies about the European variety. In this article, we aim to provide the history of the system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese throughout the 20th century, by analyzing dialect data pertaining to three sociolinguistic corpora. The results highlight that the 20th century meant a time with profound changes in Portugal’s society, since it represents a stage in which European Portuguese established a new paradigm that favoured standard responses and pragmatic solidarity. However, this variety is still inclined to pragmatic distance, for the data reveal that it has also come up with new strategies to maintain deference as the unmarked politeness strategy.

scholarly journals Pharmaceuticals and modern statecraft in South Africa: the cases of opium, thalidomide and contraception.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Parle ◽  
Rebecca Hodes ◽  
Thembisa Waetjen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Pharmaceutical Regulation ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Pharmaceutical Governance

This article provides a history of three pharmaceuticals in the making of modern South Africa. Borrowing and adapting Arthur Daemmrich’s term ‘pharmacopolitics’, we examine how forms of pharmaceutical governance became integral to the creation and institutional practices of this state. Through case studies of three medicaments: opium (late 19th to early 20th century), thalidomide (late 1950s to early 1960s) and contraception (1970s to 2010s), we explore the intertwining of pharmaceutical regulation, provision and consumption. Our focus is on the modernist imperative towards the rationalisation of pharmaceutical oversight, as an extension of the state’s bureaucratic and ideological objectives, and, importantly, as its obligation. We also explore adaptive and illicit uses of medicines, both by purveyors of pharmaceuticals, and among consumers. The historical sweep of our study allows for an analysis of continuities and changes in pharmaceutical governance. The focus on South Africa highlights how the concept of pharmacopolitics can usefully be extended to transnational—as well as local—medical histories. Through the diversity of our sources, and the breadth of their chronology, we aim to historicise modern pharmaceutical practices in South Africa, from the late colonial era to the Post-Apartheid present.

Criminalisation

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Bloomer ◽  
Claire Pierson ◽  
Sylvia Estrada Claudio
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Unsafe Abortion ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Restricted Access ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
The Impact

This chapter details the criminalisation of abortion. A review of the history of the criminal law on abortion reveals that for most of history abortion remained outside the law. Criminalisation when it did occur was closely tied to the religious positioning of abortion in western societies. This chapter considers trends in the latter part of the 20th century abortion when countries which had criminalised abortion began to relax the laws, whilst in other settings restrictions were introduced. The impact of restrictive laws and restricted access include an exploration of the data related to death and serious injury resulting from unsafe abortion as well as the risk of criminality. A consideration of methodological issues in measuring the impact of unsafe abortion identifies new methods to quantify this. Case studies of Ireland and Uruguay highlight how restrictive laws are experienced in contrasting settings. The chapter concludes by considering the case for decriminalisation of abortion laws.

scholarly journals A short history of the form of octagonal and elliptical city squares

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Maciej Motak ◽  
Magdalena Woźniczka
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Short History ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
History Of

The article starts with the short discussion of two geometrical figures, i.e., octagon and ellipse, their genesis in architecture and urban design, and the examples of buildings whose plans were based upon them. Then, the selected octagonal and elliptical city squares are discussed: their genesis, context, layout, architecture surrounding the square, objects appearing in the square and, most specially, urban form and composition. The theory of architectural-landscape interiors has been applied to pinpoint the type of city squares by the assessing of the degree of openings in the square’s perimeter. The review consists of 22 case studies (9 octagonal and 13 elliptical) from the 15th to the 20th century. The last discussed case in each group, both atypical created in Krakow in the 20th century, are discussed even more thoroughly. The conclusions were presented first separately for octagonal and elliptical city squares and finally also for both groups in a comparative way.

scholarly journals Retracing the Footsteps

Asian Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-166
Author(s):  
Tina Berdajs
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Provenance Research ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Objects

The paper presents preliminary research into the original scope of the Skušek Collection, based on four lists and an old museum inventory entry of the collection of Asian art collected by Ivan Skušek Jr. during his six-year stay in China between 1914 and 1920. Furthermore, it presents the cross-referencing of the mentioned documents with the first inventory record when it was formally taken over by the National Museum of Slovenia in an attempt to recreate the original scope of the collection. Through analysis and comparison of these records and with support of photographic sources this research attempts to put objects of the Skušeks’ original collection into four different groups based on provenance research. Through several case studies it gives new insights into the dynamics of the largely unknown parts of history of the collection, and the paths some of the individual objects travelled over several decades in the first half of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Some Observations on What Grammaticalization Is and Is Not

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e343
Author(s):  
Brian D. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Change ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grammatical Change

The notion of ‘grammaticalization’ — the embedding of once non- (or less-) grammatical phenomena into the grammar of a language — has enjoyed broad acceptance over the past 30 years as a new paradigm for describing and accounting for linguistic change.  Despite its appeal, my contention is that there are some issues with ‘grammaticalization’ as it is conventionally described and discussed in the literature.  My goal here is to explore what some of those problems are and to focus on what grammaticalization has to offer as a methodology for studying language change.  Drawing on case studies from the history of English and the history of Greek, I reach a characterization of how much of grammatical change can legitimately be called “grammaticalization” and how much is something else. In this way, I work to achieve a sense of what grammaticalization is and what it is not.

scholarly journals Uso de se com infinitivo do português clássico ao português europeu e brasileiro modernos (The usage of se in infinitival clauses from Classical to European and Brazilian Portuguese)

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Silvia Regina De Oliveira Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
De Se ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

Este artigo traz uma análise diacrônica das construções com SE e verbo no infinitivo associando-a a mudanças paramétricas que ocorreram ao longo da história do português: as mudanças na posição do sujeito e no tipo de SE. O fenômeno, que foi considerado típico de uma gramática brasileira, é na verdade uma construção da gramática do Português Clássico (séculos 16 e 17). As diferenças encontradas entre o comportamento do fenômeno no Português Clássico, Português Europeu (a partir do século 18) e Português Brasileiro (textos de autores brasileiros nascidos a partir do século 19) foram analisadas como resultados de diferentes gramáticas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Construções com SE. Mudança linguística. Português Europeu. Português Brasileiro. Português Clássico.ABSTRACT This paper brings a diachronic analysis of SE constructions in infinitival clauses, as a result of parametric changes that occurred throughout the history of Portuguese: changes in the subject position and type of SE. The phenomenon, which was considered typical of a Brazilian Grammar, appears as a construction of Classical Portuguese (between 16th and 17th centuries). The observed different patterns of the phenomenon in Classical Portuguese, European Portuguese (from 18th century on) and Brazilian Portuguese (texts written by Brazilian born from the 19th century on) were analyzed as result of different grammars.KEYWORDS: SE-constructions. Diachronic syntax. Classical Portuguese. European Portuguese. Brazilian Portuguese.

scholarly journals The politeness of você in European Portuguese

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-366
Author(s):  
Víctor Lara ◽  
Ana Guilherme
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
The Real ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
European Variety

Abstract The employment of você in current European Portuguese is not clear. Although Brazilian Portuguese has specialised it as an informal pronoun in certain geographical areas within the country, the European variety presents its use in contexts which seem to be contradictory: informal address, formal address and pejorative address. Due to the lack of an in-depth study on the evolution of this form, we have collected data from three different corpora that reflect the real usage of você throughout the twentieth century, since it is from the nineteenth century that você started specialising as an informal pronoun. The results show a decreasing use of this pronoun and a certain degree of polyvalence due to a gradual marginalisation experienced for over one hundred years. As a consequence, the strategy of null subject plus 3sg has emerged as the unmarked politeness strategy in current European Portuguese.

scholarly journals G. E. Sukhareva's place in the history of autism research: Context, reception, translation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Charlotte Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Child Psychiatrist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Infantile Autism ◽  
The Impact

<p>Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva was a Soviet child psychiatrist and neurologist who described an autism-like condition closely resembling Asperger’s syndrome about 20 years before Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner published their descriptions of autistic psychopathy and early infantile autism, first naming it schizoid psychopathy (1925), later renaming it autistic psychopathy (1959). While autistic-like syndromes were repeatedly described independently in many countries in the first half of the 20th century, Sukhareva seems to have been the only person to give a detailed description of the syndrome’s presentation in girls and its sex differences. Considered the founder of child psychiatry in Russia, she is little known elsewhere, despite a significant portion of her work being written in German. Awareness of Sukhareva and her work has been slowly making its way into autistic history, largely as a result of the 1996 publication of Sula Wolff’s translation of the 1926 case studies on schizoid psychopathy in boys, but the large majority of her work remains untranslated from German and/or Russian and inaccessible to many people. Her 1927 paper of case studies on girls, describing sex differences similar to those being described now, are virtually unknown even in German texts.  Including the translation of Sukhareva’s German-language paper on schizoid psychopathy in girls, summaries of her Russian-language texts on the syndrome, and what is hoped is a comprehensive bibliography of her published work, this thesis seeks to place Sukhareva’s work and its reception within the wider context of research into autistic-like syndromes in Anglo-European medical literature, and to understand the impact of domestic and international politics of the 20th century on child psychiatry and the international exchange of scientific knowledge. The thesis also corrects misinformation found in some recent popular histories of autism.</p>

scholarly journals G. E. Sukhareva's place in the history of autism research: Context, reception, translation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Charlotte Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Child Psychiatrist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Infantile Autism ◽  
The Impact

<p>Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva was a Soviet child psychiatrist and neurologist who described an autism-like condition closely resembling Asperger’s syndrome about 20 years before Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner published their descriptions of autistic psychopathy and early infantile autism, first naming it schizoid psychopathy (1925), later renaming it autistic psychopathy (1959). While autistic-like syndromes were repeatedly described independently in many countries in the first half of the 20th century, Sukhareva seems to have been the only person to give a detailed description of the syndrome’s presentation in girls and its sex differences. Considered the founder of child psychiatry in Russia, she is little known elsewhere, despite a significant portion of her work being written in German. Awareness of Sukhareva and her work has been slowly making its way into autistic history, largely as a result of the 1996 publication of Sula Wolff’s translation of the 1926 case studies on schizoid psychopathy in boys, but the large majority of her work remains untranslated from German and/or Russian and inaccessible to many people. Her 1927 paper of case studies on girls, describing sex differences similar to those being described now, are virtually unknown even in German texts.  Including the translation of Sukhareva’s German-language paper on schizoid psychopathy in girls, summaries of her Russian-language texts on the syndrome, and what is hoped is a comprehensive bibliography of her published work, this thesis seeks to place Sukhareva’s work and its reception within the wider context of research into autistic-like syndromes in Anglo-European medical literature, and to understand the impact of domestic and international politics of the 20th century on child psychiatry and the international exchange of scientific knowledge. The thesis also corrects misinformation found in some recent popular histories of autism.</p>

Virgil and his Translators

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
World Language ◽  
Educational Curriculum ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
History Of

This is the only volume of its kind that addresses the long and complicated history of translations of Virgil, whose poems were at the centre of the educational curriculum and the wider culture of Europe until the nineteenth century. While this collection of chapters covers numerous European traditions (English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish), the volume also extends its focus beyond European translations to translations into Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Russian, Slovenian, Turkish, and the young world language, Esperanto. Classic translations such as those of Dryden, Du Bellay, Leopardi, Valéry, and Voß are considered alongside more surprising names, including Pasolini and Wordsworth, and recent interventions, for example by Heaney and Veyne. Each essay provides theoretical background for the case studies considered. In the Introduction the editors draw attention to some overarching issues. The volume closes with contributions by two active translators, Alessandro Fo in Italian and Josephine Balmer in English. This volume is dedicated to the study of translations of Virgil as a national and transnational cultural phenomenon and is an invitation to further study of this important topic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document