scholarly journals The “Edelevsky” list of the “protective memory” of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich to the Mordovian Princes and Murzes in 1572

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. The article considers the publication of a unique source for the history of the Mordovian people, the “protective memory” dated by 1572 addressed to the princes and Murzes of Mordovia. The “protective memory” is considered in comparison with the “romadanovsky” list belonging to the descendants of the Mordovian prince Romadan, seeking the return of the nobility, the non-criminal record of the Temnik-Kadom Mordva, published in the XVIII century, similar to the records of Tatar Sovereigns to the Temnik-Kadom Mordva. Materials and methods. The author focused on studying the content of the source, revealing the identities of the recipients, analyzing the composition of the princes and Murz of Mordovian records, spelling of the names, origin, and family ties. The genealogy of the princes Edelevs is being reconstructed, the history of their kind is described together with the history of Mordovian Murzas and their representatives in the context of social and historical ties. Results and discussion. The article describes the social situation of Princes Edelevs, the features of land ownership, land use, property and ownership of serfs. The article discusses the history of the discovery and use of the source in the clerical work of the aristocratic deputies’ assemblies and the Governing Senate at the request of the descendants of Mordovian princes and Muzes from the Edelev family to restore the rights of the noble state. It poses the problem of studying the social stratification in Mordovian society, the typology and origin of the Mordovian aristocracy, the peculiarities of the titling and inheritance of power, its role in the historical and social development of the Mordovian people, as well as its legal status in the Russian Empire. It compares the situation of the Temnikov-Kadom Mordovian Tarkhans, Cossacks, White Field and Alatyr princes and Mordovian Murzes, serving Mordovians and Tatars. Conclusion. “Protective memory” indicates that in the XVI century there was a national Mordovian aristocracy, collaborating with Moscow and being in the service of Great Sovereigns, and subsequently becoming part of the nobility and other classes of Russian society. The choice of Mordovian princes ensured the relatively peaceful entry of Mordovian lands into the Russian Empire.

The Social and Political Concept of Saint John of Kronstadt

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Maria A. Saevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Saint John ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The life and preaching activity of the holy saint John of Kronstadt (1829–1908) coincided with the last period of the history of the Russian Empire, that was followed soon by the revolution destroying the former statehood. The pre-revolutionary decades became the time of searching for new ways and meanings in social and political existence. But in all social classes of Russian society there were people who wanted to preserve tsarist Russia with its Orthodox faith, traditional culture and autocratic rule. John of Kronstadt became the symbol of the defenders of the Orthodox empire, and he saw the path to revival of that empire in the people’s support of their tsar, in sacrificial service to the motherland and in following the Christian commandments of mercy, humility and love. During his lifetime John of Kronstadt had a huge number of followers, and after more than a hundred years he still remains one of the preachers and thinkers whose ideas do not lose their significance.

scholarly journals ESTATES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENITENTIARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1864–1914)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Victoria Vengerska ◽  
Oleksandr Zhukovskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Maksymov
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Institutions

Right-bank Ukraine became part of the Russian Empire after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The integration of these territories into the new administrative, economic and cultural space caused certain difficulties. In the first half of the 19th century, the region had the highest percentage of peasant serfs and the elements and institutions of the non-existent state (including the courts) still existed and kept functioning. The defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856 imposed on the Russian Empire the need for radical reforms in all spheres of life. The wave-like periods of cooperation-confrontation between the Russian authorities and the local nobility brought about regional provisions in virtually all the reforms, launched by the peasant reform of 1861. The judicial reform and the emergence of new institutions and practices had to resolve existing problems, disputes, and punish criminals legally. The social estate (stanovy) character of the society was reflected in the establishment and activities of the volost courts, as the lower courts. The district courts were a completely novel phenomenon in the legal culture; their functioning was ensured by professional lawyers on the basis of new judicial statutes. The purpose of this article is to consider the court practices and functioning of penitentiary establishments in Right-Bank Ukraine (on the example of Volyn province) under implementation of the judicial reform through the prism of social and estate factors, based on the cases of the Zhytomyr District Court and the reports of the heads of local prisons. The methodology of the research includes the tools of social history and the so-called "new imperial history" that have helped to trace the adaptation of new legal practices to the socio-ethnic peculiarities of Right Bank Ukraine. The methods of history of everyday life and history of reading have been employed to consider the under-researched component of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire, namely the libraries and their funds. This component should be attributed to the novelty of the suggested research findings. Conclusions. Estate privileges were maintained in the Russian Empire throughout the "long 19th century". Belonging to a higher social status practically made the Polish nobles equal in the rights with the imperial officials, endowed with power. During court decisions and sentencing, an ethnic criterion was not taken into consideration or had secondary significance. Many years of placing the peasants outside the legal field developed a steady arrogant attitude of the power-holders towards the representatives of this social estate. Though the peasants dominated in the social structure of the Empire population, they remained the most prevalent class. Since the early 20th century, some shifts in perception and attitudes towards peasantry were observed.

Czechs and Slovaks in the Russian Empire (last third of the 19th century – early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena P. Serapionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The book deals with the historical contacts of Czech, Slovak and Russian peoples, the beginning of mass Czech and Slovak relocation to Russia, Russian official policy towards settlers. The author marks the main centers of their residence, pauses in detail on public organizations created by them, ties with the historical homeland, their participation in the Slavic movement. Special attention is paid to the prominent representatives of the compatriots. The monograph analyzes the social, professional composition of the Czech and Slovak diasporas, evaluates their contribution to the economic and cultural development of Russia. It is based on documents published and identified in the archives of Russia, Czech and Slovak republics, printing masters, memories and literature on the topic. The book is intended for specialists in the history of Russia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as all those interested in the ties of the peoples of the three countries.

scholarly journals The Foundations of N.K. Mikhailovsky's Theory. Formation of “Subjective Sociology”, Late 1860s – mid-1870s

2021 ◽  
Vol V (2) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Andrey Teslya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One

Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhaylovsky (1842–1904) is one of the most well-known and influential Russian publicists of the last third of the 19th and the beginning of 20th century, ideologist of the Narodniki movement, the author of the conception known as “subjective sociology” and the editor of journal Russian wealth at the end of his life. Yet, while his role in the history of Russian social movement or literary-aesthetic views have been quite fully studied, his social theory has rarely become the object of the special analysis during the last century. On the one hand, it was shadowed by the theories which appeared earlier and had more influence even abroad (outside the Russian empire) as, for example, the ideas of Herzen, Bakunin, Chernyshevsky, Lavrov. On the other hand, Mikhaylovsky, who was severely criticized by Russian social democrats in 1894–1901, was perceived as a rather weak theorist. In this article, we demonstrate the essential differences between the early conceptual advances of Mikhaylovsky and P.L. Lavrov and assert that the conception of the former was influenced both by the rethinking of the Darwinism from a viewpoint of understanding of nature and by the conclusions for social theory. Unlike Lavrov, Mikhaylovsky, as well as Herzen, was an advocate of non-teleological understanding of progress and favored the interpretation of history as logical yet free from strict determinism. In conclusion, Mikhaylovsky’s opinion about the society, which was formed at the end of 1860s – first quarter of 1870s, appears as a quite consistent and elaborated system, an answer to the theoretical challenges. Firstly, on the part of the Darwinism and the attempt to apply it to the analysis of the society. Secondly, on the part of the organicism. Lastly, we give an interpretation to the decline of the public interest to the social theory of Mikhaylovsky at the end of the 19th – beginning of 20th century.

scholarly journals The legal status of the Jewish population in Russia: a political and analytical review (the late 18th – early 20th centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Olga V. Rozina ◽  
Tatyana I. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The Russian Empire

The problem of mythologising the history of Russia in the context of the thesis “prison of the peoples” remains topical in the context of the modern information warfare of civilisational opponents. An attempt to implant in the public consciousness a myth about the exclusively discriminatory nature of the imperial nationality policy, in particular, on the Jewish question, prevents from objective examination of the ongoing processes. The article analyses the main tendencies of the state policy towards Jewish subjects of the Russian Empire during the reign of four emperors – Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Nicholas II. The work used various sources, materials and research. The article provides a general overview of historiography on the problem, and also examines the creation of the Pale of Settlement, measures in the field of restricting the civil rights of the Jewish population and education. The authors come to the conclusion that the policy of the Russian Empire in the Jewish question was not anti-Semitic, although it was ambiguous and, at times, contradictory. At the same time, restrictive measures did not apply to the religious and ritual-cult side of the life of the Jews. The historical and factual basis of the publication helps to understand the building of civilised relations in the environment of Russian society, which is represented by different cultures and religions.

LEGAL STATUS OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
NIKOLAI PRIDVOROV ◽  
◽  
NELLI IVANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Illegitimate Children ◽  
The Russian Empire

The purpose of this article is a historical and legal analysis of the legal status of illegitimate children in the Russian Empire. The article analyzes the concept of "illegitimate" and traces its consolidation in the Russian legislation. The normative legal acts defining the legal status of illegitimate children are studied. The main features of the legal status of illegitimate children in the Russian Empire are shown. It is concluded that the ban on legalizing illegitimate children, dictated not only by the need to protect the class organization of society, but also by the need to strengthen moral principles in society, contributed to the emergence of phenomena in Russian society that are directly opposite to morality and the law. It is noted that some changes aimed at the possibility of legalizing unborn children, as well as improving their situation by the beginning of the XX century were due to the democratization and humanization of legislation under the influence of socio-political struggle, the activity of mass movements, educational activities. The methodological basis of the work consists of dialectical-materialistic, historical, formal-legal, concrete-sociological methods.

scholarly journals THE GERMANS IN RUSSIA IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Галина Алексеевна Кокорина ◽  
Анна Валерьевна Белова
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
German Population ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

В статье анализируется историческое пребывание немцев на территории Российской империи XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. Рассматривается правовой статус немецких переселенцев в XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. На основе законодательных актов просматриваются тенденции в период каждого царствования, а также общая тенденция на протяжении исследуемого периода. Проанализированы историографические работы, связанные с нахождением немцев на территории России. Исследуются экономические, политические и культурные связи немцев и российского государства. Рассматривается конфессиональная политика российского государства в отношении немецкого населения. Каждый правитель старался включать иностранцев (немцев) в российское общество. В период с XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. не сформировался особый правовой или экономический статус немцев в Российской империи. The article analyzes the historical stay of the Germans on the territory of the Russian Empire in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The legal status of German immigrants in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century is considered. On the basis of legislative acts, the trends in the period of each reign are viewed, as well as the general trend during the period under study. The historiographical works related to the presence of the Germans on the territory of Russia are analyzed. The economic, political and cultural relations of the Germans and the Russian state are investigated. The article considers the confessional policy of the Russian state in relation to the German population. Each ruler tried to include foreigners (Germans) in Russian society. In the period from the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The special legal or economic status of the Germans in the Russian Empire was not formed.

scholarly journals The Burden of the Empire and the Vocation of Russia: George Fedotov’s Philosophy of History

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Klepikova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Creative Role

The paper discusses the philosophical and historical doctrine of the Russian philosopher and historian George Petrovich Fedotov. The author focuses on the analysis of imperial issues in the works of G.P. Fedotov, especially of his views on the cultural history of the Russian empire and the essence of imperial project in Russia. Fedotov reconsiders the historical experience and revolutionary catastrophe of Russia and searches for the foundations of the social and cultural processes determining the events of Russian history. Fedotov’s works offer a variety of interpretations of the political and cultural phenomenon of empire. This reflects his evolution as a philosopher of history: the focus of his vision shifts from the Medieval Rus to the Empire of Peter the Great, then to the collapsed empire of Nicholas II and finally to the USSR (the latter was also an empire according to him). Fedotov’s concept of Empire evolves into a timeless cultural-philosophical phenomenon but originates from the historical description of the centralization of power in the feudal monarchy of Ivan the Terrible. The evolution of the philosophical and historical views of Fedotov is influenced by the changes of his attitude to the historical conception of Klyuchevsky. In the 1940s Fedotov considers the empire as a universal idea. The concept of empire proposed by Fedotov gives an understanding of the Russian historical development, especially the causes of the decline and fall of the Russian Empire. Fedotov associates the cause of the salvation of Russia with the study of ancient Russian culture, in which he founds a moral and political ideal of the “Republic of Saint Sophia.” The paper shows heuristic potential of Fedotov’s cultural and philosophical ideas on the vocation of spiritual elite and the creative role of personality in the process of nation-building.

scholarly journals Chiefs of the Gendarme District in Siberia: Social Portrait

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Petr P. Rumyantsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Aged People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The Siberian gendarme district existed longer than all other gendarme districts in the Russian Empire – almost 70 years, and was liquidated at the beginning of the 20th century. Since there are no research projects aimed at the study of the social portrait of the leaders of this district until now, this problem was chosen as the focus of this article. The study is based on an analysis of the personnel and service records of gendarme officers kept in archives, many of them are newly discovered and published for the first time, and orders to the servicemen of the Gendarmerie Corps and legislative acts of the central government. The article concludes by arguing that in the entire history of the district only ten people held the position of the Chief, and the average term of their office was 5 years and 8 months. They were all middle-aged people, professional military, who for various reasons transferred to the gendarmerie service, for whom it was the main source of income. For all ten persons who held the post of district gendarmerie chief in Siberia, it was both the peak and the last stage of their gendarmerie career, the work associated with this post they carried out diligently and fulfilled all required duties.

scholarly journals Annual Reports of the Omsk and Orenburg Bishops to the Holy Synod as a Source of the History of Orthodoxy in the Steppe Territory of the Russian Empire (Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes the structure and information potential of the annual reports on the conditions of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses to the Holy Synod, prepared science 1870 to 1917. It is emphasized that this set of paperwork is a unique source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire and reflects virtually all spheres of life and activities of the dioceses, their institutional and administrative-territorial development, processes of the deanery, church, parish, church and monastery construction. The information capabilities of the reports make it possible to reconstruct a whole range of social, economic, demographic, and migration processes that took place within the boundaries of a particular diocese. That is why the author assigns diocesan reports to the type of “mixed type” paperwork on the basis that they contain information of a normative, narrative and statistical nature. Analysis of reports on the state of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses allow us to conclude that the 1880s the first decade of the 20th century began a period of active development in the Steppe Territory institutions, the administrative-territorial management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was largely due to a sharp increase in the number of Orthodox population in the region, mediated by mass peasant migration.

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