scholarly journals Feeding programs for commercial turkeys at the finishing stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Maziero Castro ◽  
Aline Félix Schneider Bedin ◽  
Marcus Fernando Reginatto ◽  
Clóvis Eliseu Gewehr

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of feeding management on performance and carcass yield of male turkeys during finishing stage. 920 male turkeys were used, which were housed in 40 pens; each pen was comprised of experimental unit. The birds, from 91 to 154 days, were submitted to four feeding managements, based on feed intake, that were: ad libitum, where feed was permanently available to birds; controlled with a daily supply of 100% of recommended feed amount; controlled with 95% of recommended daily feed amount, and controlled with 90% of recommended daily feed amount. Each feeding treatment had ten replicates of 23 birds each. Controlled or restricted feeding management reduced feed intake, average weight, and weight gain (P <0.05), and worsened feed conversion (P <0.05). Carcass and leg weight were reduced (P <0.05) from the 5% restriction related to the recommended. Breast weight was reduced (P <0.05) with a restriction of 10%. No differences were seen when compared to carcass and leg yield and fat deposition (P> 0.05), only breast yield was reduced (P<0.05) when the birds received 90% of that recommended by the lineage, compared to the ad libitum feed management. The feeding management of male turkeys with restriction of the recommended feed amount during the finishing stage had a negative effect on the performance of the birds. However, controlled feeding at 100% of recommended to the lineage reduced feed intake and did not change the carcass weight, breast or leg yield, or fat deposition.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Eliete Souza Santana ◽  
José Neto Cassiano de Camargo ◽  
Michele Laboissière ◽  
Roberto Moraes Jardim Filho

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of two types of incubation and two types of feeding on the performance of chickens and intestinal development of chicks during the pre-starter phase (1 to 7 days of age). One-year-old male Ross® chicks were used. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 2x2 factorial design, with two types of feed processing (bran and micropelleted) and two types of incubation machines (single and multiple stage), totaling four treatments, with four treatment repetitions each. Twelve birds per experimental unit were used, totaling 192 animals. Performance evaluations were conducted, such as mean weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, bowel weight and size, and percentage of intestine in relation to live weight. Histomorphometric tests on the height of the villi and depth of the duodenal crypts were also performed. The two incubation machines did not influence any of the analyzed variables. Even though both had the same composition, the micropelleted feed resulted in positive gains for the performance variables: average weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion when compared to the meal, but was unable to significantly influence the morphometric measurements of the duodenum of chicks in the pre-starter phase.


2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-196
Author(s):  
S. L. Abdurrahaman ◽  
H. U. Muhammad ◽  
K. Mustaph, ◽  
A. I. Danyaya ◽  
I. R. Muhammad

Two studies were conducted to explore the utilization of rosolle seed meal (RSM) as a feedstuff in small ruminant feed. In study one, the effect of processing methods on the proximate compositions, mineral contents and anti-nutritional factors of roselle seed were evaluated. Four different processing methods were evaluated as treatments, T1 = was control (untreated roselle seed), T2 = fermented roselle seed, T3 = hot water treated roselle seed, and T4 = lye water treated roselle seed. The prepared samples were subjected to laboratory analysis. In the second study, feeding trial was conducted to assess the performance of grazing red Sokoto bucks supplemented with diets containing processed roselle seed meals. Four experimental diets were formulated using wheat offal, sorghum husk, rice husk, salt, bone meal and processed RSM (T1= Untreated RSM; T2 = Fermented RSM; T3 = Hot water treated RSM and T4 = Lye water treated RSM) as treatments. The bucks were supplemented the diets for 84 days, after six hours grazing in a 50 hectares' rangeland daily. Sixteen red sokoto bucks, four bucks per treatment with average weight of 11.69±0.32kg were used in a completely randomized design, water was provided ad libitum. Data were generated on feed intake, weekly weight changes and feed conversion ratio. Results obtained in study one indicated that processing methods had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the proximate compositions of resolle seed except on ether extract and dry matter contents. The mineral compositions of the roselle seed obtained showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the values of Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Copper (Cu). Lye water treated roselle seed (T4) was statistically superior to others in terms of K and Na, while fermented roselle seed (T2) was statistically superior in Cu. The result obtained in the analysis of anti- nutritional factors revealed that all the parameters were significantly (p<0.05) different. The values of tannin, saponin, Pytate, cyanide and oxalate ranged from 0.38-0.87mg/g, 13.21- 22.57mg/g, 33.13-50.79mg/g, 6.51-10.34mg/g and 2.12-4.36mg/g respectively. Results from the second study showed that there was significant (P<0.05) difference in the mean values of total weight gain, average feed intake and total feed intake. In conclusion, processing methods substantially reduced the effect of anti-nutritional factors in roselle seed which can serve as a good source of feedstuff for small ruminant production. Also, supplementation of roselle seed meal can significantly improve the performance of goats without any detrimental effect.     Deux études ont été menées pour explorer l'utilisation de la farine de graines de rosolle (le 'RSM') comme aliment dans l'alimentation des petits ruminants. Dans la première étude, l'effet des méthodes de traitement sur les compositions immédiates, les teneurs en minéraux et les facteurs anti-nutritionnels de la graine de roselle ont été évalués. Quatre méthodes de traitement différentes ont été évaluées comme traitements, T1 = était témoin (graine de roselle non traitée), T2 = graine de roselle fermentée, T3 = graine de roselle traitée à l'eau chaude et T4 = graine de roselle traitée à l'eau de lessive. Les échantillons préparés ont été soumis à une analyse en laboratoire. Dans la deuxième étude, un essai d'alimentation a été mené pour évaluer les performances des mâles Sokoto rouges au pâturage complétés par des régimes contenant des farines de graines de roselle transformées. Quatre régimes expérimentaux ont été formulés en utilisant des abats de blé, des balles de sorgho, des balles de riz, du sel, de la farine d'os et du 'RSM' transformé (T1 = le 'RSM' non traité ; T2 = le 'RSM' fermenté ; T3 = le 'RSM' traité à l'eau chaude et T4 = le 'RSM' traité à l'eau de lessive) comme traitements. Les mâles ont été nourris pendant 84 jours, après six heures de pâturage quotidien dans un pâturage de 50 hectares. Seize mâles sokoto rouges, quatre mâles par traitement avec un poids moyen de 11,69 ± 0,32 kg ont été utilisés dans une conception complètement aléatoire, de l'eau a été fournie ad libitum. Des données ont été générées sur la consommation alimentaire, les changements de poids hebdomadaires et le taux de conversion alimentaire. Les résultats obtenus dans la première étude ont indiqué que les méthodes de traitement n'avaient pas d'effet significatif (P> 0,05) sur les compositions proches de graines de résolle, sauf sur l'extrait d'éther et la teneur en matière sèche. Les compositions minérales de la graine de roselle obtenues ont montré qu'il y avait des différences significatives (P <0,05) dans les valeurs de Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) et Cuivre (Cu). La graine de roselle (T4) traitée à l'eau de lessive était statistiquement supérieure aux autres en termes de K et de Na, tandis que la graine de roselle fermentée (T2) était statistiquement supérieure en Cu. Le résultat obtenu dans l'analyse des facteurs anti- nutritionnels a révélé que tous les paramètres étaient significativement différents (p <0,05). Les valeurs de tanin, saponine, pytate, cyanure et oxalate variaient respectivement de 0,38 à 0,87 mg / g, 13,21 à 22,57 mg / g, 33,13 à 50,79 mg / g, 6,51 à 10,34 mg / g et 2,12 à 4,36 mg /g. Les résultats de la deuxième étude ont montré qu'il y avait une différence significative (P<0,05) dans les valeurs moyennes du gain de poids total, de la prise alimentaire moyenne et de la prise alimentaire totale. En conclusion, les méthodes de transformation ont considérablement réduit l'effet des facteurs anti-nutritionnels dans les graines de roselle qui peuvent servir de bonne source d'alimentation pour la production de petits ruminants. En outre, la supplémentation en farine de graines de roselle peut améliorer considérablement les performances des chèvres sans aucun effet néfaste.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Edna Teles dos Santos ◽  
Leilane Rocha Barros Dourado ◽  
Flávio Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Regina Fialho De Sousa ◽  
Stélio Pinheiro Bezerra de Lima ◽  
...  

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding plans with or without addition of glycerin, in different ages, on performance, carcass yield, litter moisture and footpad lesions of broiler chickens. 540 male Cobb broilers were utilized, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (treatments consisted of the inclusion or not of glycerin in diets at all periods or only at different stages: 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 33 and 34 to 42 days), in six replicates of 15 birds each. Diets were provided ad libitum. At 42 days, the average weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, litter moisture and footpad lesions were evaluated. There was no effect (p> 0.05) of dietary plans on the performance variables. The feeding plans did not influence (p>0,05) the carcass and cuts parameters at 42 days. However, there was significant effect (p <0.05) of the dietary plans on litter moisture and plantar lesions. Effects were observed (p>0,001) for the feeding plans, were the highest and the lowest incidence of lesions were present in the birds that consume diets with and without addition of glycerin, in the period from 1 to 42 days of age, respectively.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 477-478
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Encarnación Jiménez-Moreno ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Domingo Carrión ◽  
Jaume Coma

Abstract Fat deposition is an important trait for the dry-cured ham industry. A minimum ham fat thickness (HFT) is required for adequate processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate two different strategies to meet this minimum requirement, a nutritional and a genetic one. The study involved productive performance of a total of 147,883 animals (barrows and gilts) from 164 farms. The experimental unit for carcass traits harvested was a truck with 200 pigs each. The nutritional strategy consisted in reducing the SID Lys:NE during one month before slaughter in combination with a feed additive to improve meat quality (2500 kcal NE and 8 g SID Lys/kg vs. 2550 kcal NE and 6.5 g SID Lys/kg). Both feeding programs were offered to crossbreds from a lean Duroc sire line with two different synthetic dam lines. The genetic strategy consisted of comparing two crossbred derived from two Duroc sire line (lean vs fat) all fed the same standard finisher diet (2500 kcal NE and 8 g SID Lys/kg). Experimental feeding program impaired FCR by 0.035 kg/kg (P &lt; 0.05), and increased HFT by 0.28 mm (P &lt; 0.01). The fat Duroc sire line impaired FCR by 0.162 kg/kg (P &lt; 0.05) and increased HFT by 0.77 mm (P &lt; 0.001) compared to the lean one. In addition, one of the dam lines showed a greater HFT (P &lt; 0.001) with no effect on FCR. In conclusion, HFT can be increased through nutritional and genetic strategies assuming a negative effect on FCR. The effects were greater by using a genetic strategy (fatter Duroc sire line) than by the nutritional one (decreased SID Lys:NE ratio in a lean Duroc sire line).


2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Newman ◽  
Jeffery A. Downing ◽  
Peter C. Thomson ◽  
Cherie L. Collins ◽  
David J. Henman ◽  
...  

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e978986866
Author(s):  
Rafael Pereira Barros ◽  
Joaldo Rocha Luz ◽  
Ana Paula de Souza Ramos ◽  
Deise Silva Costa ◽  
Luís Gustavo Tavares Braga

The objective of this study was to determine the crude protein requirements for juvenile jundiara fish, a hybrid of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus. A total of 240 juveniles of the hybrid, with an initial mean weight of 8.4 ± 1.41 g, were distributed in 15 fiberglass tanks (170 L) in a closed water recirculation and constant aeration system, with a density of 16 fish/tank. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of diets with 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40% crude protein. Seventy days into the experiment the final fish weight and feed intake were measured. Two specimens from each experimental unit were collected for evaluation of carcass chemical composition, nutritional efficiency and blood parameters. The increase in crude protein content promoted the significant, increasing linear effect for mean weight gain, mean feed intake and specific growth rate, and decreasing effect for feed conversion. Significant differences were also observed in carcass chemical composition, nutritional efficiency, total plasma protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipase enzymatic activity. Thus, the increase in crude protein levels of up to 40% in jundiara diets promotes improvement in the productive performance of juvenile jundiara.


2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Famakinwa ◽  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
T. O. Bankole ◽  
P. O. Idahosa

This study was carried out to determine the effect of object combination as environmental enrichment on behaviour of growing pigs. Thirty-six (36) crossbreed (Large White X Landrace) growing pigs with average weight of 34-36Kg were allotted randomly into four treatments, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The four treatments were; Control (without enrichment), PRope (2 pieces of polyester rope), treatment SWood (2 pieces of soft wood) and treatment PRope+SWood (1 piece of soft wood and 1 piece of polyester rope). Behavioural observations were monitored by CCTV and recordings were made for 6 hours/day and 3days/week. At the end of the experiment, data collected includes average feed intake and average weight gain while feed conversion ratio was calculated. Likewise, behavioural observations; enrichment use, general activities, pen manipulation and pen-mate manipulation were observed. Behavioural data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) while performance data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Performance data were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by enrichments for all the parameters measured. PRope+SWood had the highest value for the final weight (50.63kg), average weight gain (15.95kg) and average feed intake (56.61kg) while PRope had the highest FCR 4.18). Penmate manipulation (10.48%), pen manipulation (19.02%) and general activities (14.62%) were lower and significantly better for PRope+SWood compared to PRope and SWood and the highest interaction with enrichment objects was observed in the PRope+SWood (55.88%). It can be concluded that the use of combination of enrichment objects enhanced the performance and behaviour of pigs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
Arnaud Samson ◽  
Claire Launay ◽  
Francesc Payola ◽  
Eric Schetelat ◽  
Hervé Fortune

Abstract Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with synthetic amino acids (AA) supplementation is beneficial for sustainable swine industry. However some discrepancies regarding the consequences on growth performance are observed. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the effect of dietary CP level on growth performance of pigs from 35 to 113 kg BW. Growth performance of 63 pigs fed ad libitum and allocated to three groups (HH, MM and LL) was compared. Each group received one level of CP (‘H’ for High, ‘M’ for Medium and ‘L’ for Low) during growing (d0–d35) and finishing (d35–slaugther day) periods: 15.1%, 16.2%, 17.2% and 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.1% respectively. Diets were mostly based on wheat, corn and soybean meal. Within each feeding phase, diets were formulated to be similar in apparent total tract digestible phosphorus, net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential AA, the SID Lys levels being 0.95% and 0.78% during the growing and finishing period respectively. Data were analyzed using a linear model (R, 3.1.2) with individual as the experimental unit as feed intake, body weight and carcass grading were individually recorded. From d0 to d14 and from d35 to d63, average daily gain (ADG) and Growth:Feed ratio (G:F) were significantly reduced as the CP level decreased (P < 0.05) while average daily feed intake (ADFI) remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. From d14 to d35 and in late finishing period (d63-slaugther day), growth performance was not significantly affected by the dietary CP level. Over the 82-d of the experiment, G:F was significantly higher for ‘HH’ pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, ADG tended to be reduced as CP levels decreased (P = 0.10). There was no difference among treatments for parameters concerning carcass grading (lean meat percentage and meat yield). In conclusion, reducing CP levels while maintaining essential AA levels impaired growth performances of pigs.


Author(s):  
A.L. Lightfoot ◽  
A.W. Armsby ◽  
C.F. Widdows

An experiment was carried out to determine which feeding method maximised feed intake of growing pigs and to record growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and backfat measurements. There is an increasing tendency for dry fed pigs to be fed ad libitum or to appetite in order to increase growth rates and throughput of building.Limited information is available on how the modern genetically improved pig will respond to high levels of feeding and whether ad libitum feeding will encourage higher feed intake than feeding to appetite either wet or dry.


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