The Crimean War in the Reception of Egor Kovalevsky and Leo Tolstoy

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Elena V. Aleksandrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
The State ◽  
Leo Tolstoy ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bright Feature

The article examines typological intersections between the early works of Leo Tolstoy and the works of the 1850s of Egor Kovalevsky. The theme “Egor Kovalevsky and Leo Tolstoy” has not been studied comprehensively and systematically in Russian literary criticism. The research develops from the history of personal relationships between the writers during the Danube Campaign and the Sevastopol events to a comparative study of the writers’ works created during the Crimean Campaign. Tolstoy’s “Sevastopol in December” and in Kovalevsky’s “The Bombing of Sevastopol” reflected the similarities in the authors’ concepts, themes and images. The article justifies that the central theme developed in the writers’ oeuvre was a person and their role in history. Similarities and differences in the portrayal of the heroic events of the defense of Sevastopol by the writers are considered. Kovalevsky’s essay and Tolstoy’s first story are closely linked by one idea – the sense of civic exaltation, national identity. In describing the Russian soldier, his character, the heroism of the defenders of Sevastopol, the writers follow the “truth of life”. Kovalevsky captures the names of the direct participants in the war. With one detail or episode of the last minutes of their lives, Kovalevsky draws the reader’s attention to the “ordinary heroes” of Sevastopol, emphasizing the importance of their individual feat. Tolstoy’s heroes, on the contrary, are nameless: it is the general mood of the defenders of Sevastopol that is important for the writer. There are common features in the narrative manner of the two writers: ways of depicting heroes, accuracy and imagery of landscape sketches. A few strokes and precise details convey the state of Sevastopol. The mood associated with the state of the city is emphasized by the details of the landscape. The similarity in describing the heroes’ and the narrator’s psychology is expressed through the image of fog. The features of the authors’ creative manner and the role of the narrator are analyzed. There is an obvious difference in the creative methods of Kovalevsky and Tolstoy. Describing real details with historical accuracy, Kovalevsky paints a romantic picture with bright “strokes”. Kovalevsky uses concrete real details most often as a way to emphasize a bright feature he has noted in life, while Tolstoy seeks to show (highlight) the quality of life rather than its specific feature. The difference between Kovalevsky’s essay and Tolstoy’s story is also in the assessment of the historical event. Describing the bombing of Sevastopol as a historian, Kovalevsky does not abandon moral and political generalizations. Thus, the manner of narration and the ways of depicting heroes testify that both Tolstoy and Kovalevsky solve one problem with different artistic means – to truthfully portray the reality and the person as the “center of history”. In search of a true depiction of Sevastopol, Kovalevsky, a historian and romantic writer, moved towards realism embodied in Leo Tolstoy’s story.

scholarly journals Olga Dmitrievna Golubeva: to the 100th anniversary of her birth

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Galina V. Mikheeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biographical Sketches ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
The Creation

In 2021 we mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of O. D. Golubeva, a bibliologist, Doctor of Philology, whose entire working life relates to M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library. For 35 years she was the deputy director of the library for scientific work. The article recreates the biographical sketch of the scientist, reveals the significance for Russian literary criticism of her research on the publishing activities of M. Gorky and several publishing houses of the early twentieth century. Special attention is paid to the role of O. D. Golubeva in the creation of a whole series of works devoted to the history of the Library, including biographical sketches of the figures of the Imperial Public Library. The role of the scientist in the creation of the school of historical biography in the National Library of Russia is determined.

scholarly journals La politique étrangère : État des travaux scientifiques

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-845
Author(s):  
André Donneur ◽  
Onnig Beylerian
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Dead End ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Difference

Theoretical studies of foreign policy show that the very subject of the discipline is highly undefined. This is the reason why we shall try, first and foremost, to provide an answer to three fundamental questions. Is there a natural difference between foreign policy and decision-making, or is foreign policy only a sum total of decisions? Is there a difference between a foreign policy which dictates the major general trends and the various policies which apply to restricted scenes of action ? What is the difference between the objectives which actors assign to various policies and their implementation in the international System, thus making their evaluation a problem ? We then deal with the state of studies entered upon by three schools of thought and set down the results registered by the behaviorist trend, the theoretical dilemma it had to face and the dead end it led to. The second trend, historical and political, has, for its part, dealt with comparative analysis of historical cases according to the method of localized and structured comparison. Finally, the third trend, historical, economical and structuralist, has resorted to the world System paradigm of I. Wallerstein. The problem of this paradigm is the transposition of the debate between the supporters of the Annales school (structural serial history, economical and social contingencies) and the historians of international relations (who favour history of events and the role of the state). This approach also focuses on the debate about the dichotomy international relations/transnational relations. In the ends, rigorous and interdisciplinary research studies is deemed necessary for the promotion of studies in foreign policy.

How Finance Colonised Aotearoa: A Concise Counter-History

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Catherine Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Financial History ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of

This paper intervenes in orthodox under-standings of Aotearoa New Zealand’s colonial history to elucidate another history that is not widely recognised. This is a financial history of colonisation which, while implicit in existing accounts, is peripheral and often incidental to the central narrative. Undertaking to reread Aotearoa New Zealand’s early colonial history from 1839 to 1850, this paper seeks to render finance, financial instruments, and financial institutions explicit in their capacity as central agents of colonisation. In doing so, it offers a response to the relative inattention paid to finance as compared with the state in material practices of colonisation. The counter-history that this paper begins to elicit contains important lessons for counter-futures. For, beyond its implications for knowledge, the persistent and violent role of finance in the colonisation of Aotearoa has concrete implications for decolonial and anti-capitalist politics today.  

Hearing the Crimean War

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sound Studies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This book addresses the sounds of the Crimean War, along with the many ways nineteenth-century wartime is aurally constructed. It examines wide-ranging experiences of listeners in Britain, France, Turkey, Russia, Italy, Poland, Latvia, Daghestan, Chechnya, and Crimea, illustrating the close interplay between nineteenth-century geographies of empire and the modes by which wartime sound was archived and heard. This book covers topics including music in and around war zones, the mediation of wartime sound, the relationship between sound and violence, and the historiography of listening. Individual chapters concern sound in Leo Tolstoy’s wartime writings, and his place within cosmopolitan sensibilities; the role of the telegraph in constructing sonic imaginations in London and the Black Sea region; the absence of archives for the sounds of particular ethnic groups, and how songs preserve memories for both Crimean Tatars and Polish nationalists; the ways in which perceptions of voice rearranged the mental geographies of Baltic Russia, and undermined aspirations to national unity in Italy; Italian opera as a means of conditioning elite perceptions of Crimean battlefields; and historical frames through which to understand the diffusion of violent sounds amid everyday life. The volume engages the academic fields of musicology, ethnomusicology, history, literary studies, sound studies, and the history of the senses.

The History of the Creation of the VII State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
K. S. Guzev
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Scien Tists ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Objective Necessity

Introduction. The objective necessity of the appearance of this code of laws for the pharmaceu-tical industry is shown. The proofs of the readiness of all branches of pharmacy to develop the text of the Pharmacopoeia, taking into account modern international requirements for scientific and practical activities in the development, manufacture and production of medicines, are presented.Text. The work presents the history of the creation of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. The sequence of steps for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia Commission, the stages of its activities for the preparation of the updated text of the Pharmacopoeia is described, a detailed analysis of the prepared text is given in comparison with the current Pharmacopoeia of the VI edition (1910). Various points of view of experts on the content of the main text are cited, which served as the basis for the new document. The role of domestic scien-tists-pharmacists in the development and publication of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR is evaluated.Conclusion. The role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission in the timely development of the text of the new edition of the State Pharmacopoeia is emphasized. The fact of its wide discussion among experts and the novelty of the approach, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the entire industry, are noted.

Illegal Construction in Hanoi and Hanoi's Wards

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Koh
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Boundaries ◽  
Urban Administration ◽  
Ability And Willingness

AbstractIn the drama of negotiation of state boundaries, the role of local administrators as mediators is indispensable. They mediate between state demands for more discipline and societal demands for more liberties. Their ability and willingness to enforce determines the extent of state power. They are a particular type of elites chosen by the state to administer; yet often they have an irrational and morally corrupt relationship with their subjects. The questions that arise then are: When do the local administrators decide to or not to enforce the rules? What considerations do they hold in the face of contradicting demands for their loyalties? This paper seeks answers to the above questions by examining state enforcement of its construction rules in Hanoi after 1975, in which the ward, a level of local administrators in the urban administration landscape, plays an important role in holding up (or letting down) the fences. I will examine the irrationality of the housing regime that led to widespread offences against construction rules, and then show why and how local administrators may or may not enforce rules. This paper comprises two parts. The first part outlines the nature and history of the housing regime in Vietnam and the situation of state provision of housing to the people. These provide the context in which illegal construction arises. Part Two looks at illegal construction in Hanoi chronologically, and focuses on important episodes. The theme that runs through this paper is the role of local administrators in the reality of illegal construction.

scholarly journals ЛОГІКА ВИКЛАДАННЯ ІСТОРІЇ ДЕРЖАВА І ПРАВА УКРАЇНИ ВІДПОВІДНО ДО КОНСТИТУЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

2018 ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Григорій Юрійович Каніщев
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Rights

History of State and law of Ukraine can be considered as one of the leading academic disciplines to modern lawyers because its purpose is to familiarize professionals with the historical experience of the development of statehood and the territory of modern Ukraine that directly or indirectly impact on the current status and the quality of the public authority in our country, on the relationship between the State and citizens, on the situation in Ukraine in the international arena, its image in the world, etc. Great value for the teaching and study of history of State and Law of Ukraine have changes that have been happening lately in higher legal education in our country. Besides necessary legal skills and knowledge, present-day and future lawyers have to understand the nature of law and the philosophy of human rights, the role of the bureaucracy in the functioning of the State organized by the society, the mechanism of distribution of public authorities, as well as to understand the ways of development of the State and its transition from a developing country to a developed country. The role of history of State and Law of Ukraine here is mapping the processes of historical evolution of relationships between the human and the State on the modern Ukrainian territory. This includes compliance with State rights, in particular political struggle of people for their rights in both peaceful and violent way (through an armed revolt against the authorities) etc. In this connection, educational courses and researches on the history of State and Law should pay much attention to the evolution of public authority as a result of the struggle of people for their rights.

scholarly journals The Work of the Central Statistical Committee in 1917-1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Cherepenina ◽  
A. L. Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The activity of state statistics throughout the revolutionary period of 1917 is uncharted territory in the history of Russian statistics. Using documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the authors examined for the first time the last year of the Central Statistical Committee. Unlike other state structures of the previous government, it was not dissolved after the events of October 1917 and continued to operate after the Soviet government moved to Moscow. The article contains information on the first «Soviet» Head of the Central Statistical Committee of the Commissariat of Internal Affairs V.A. Algasov and outlines the work of Professor M.A. Sirinov, who was offered a position of the Head of the Central Statistical Committee by the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs G.I. Petrovsky. Archive records helped establish the fact that both the authorities of the Central Statistical Committee and some statisticians came up with an idea of founding a new statistical service based on the Central Statistical Committee and gubernia (provincial) statistics. The authors revealed the role of V.V. Stepanov in relocating the Library of the Central Statistical Committee to Moscow. The article describes the clash of opinions that preceded the establishment of the Soviet state statistics, to be specific the inauguration of the RSFSR Central Statistical Board, which was envisaged to be an independent body, not subordinate to any agency, to ensure the independence of the country’s statistical service. 

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF THE STATE REGULATION OF TOURISM: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stoika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
State Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tourist Infrastructure ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Organization of the state regulation of tourism in Ukraine and opportunities for its improvement on the basis of learning from the experience of leading tourist countries in Europe is the purpose of the study. The notion and main purpose of the state regulation of tourist activities is substantiated. It is established that the history of the state regulation of tourism in Ukraine points to the frequent change and re-organization of its central body, which did not facilitate the development of tourism. Analysis of the role of the state in the organization and development of tourist activities in different countries of the world allowed determining four types of models of the state participation in regulation of tourism as a constituent element of economy of the mentioned countries: American, Budget-Forming, European and Mixed. Experience of leading tourist countries (France, Spain, Great Britain and Italy) convinces of the necessity for the efficient building-up of the state bodies responsible for the development of the mentioned branch. Efficient organization of tourism in a country and its state regulation, cooperation with non-governmental institutions, active promotion of the national tourist product, implementation of efficient promotion and PR activities and a developed tourist infrastructure facilitate interest in this country by the tourists and inflow of monetary resources.

scholarly journals Vyacheslav Lipinski about the peculiarities of nation-building and the role of religion in this process

2002 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Z.V. Shved
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

Over the last decade, interest in the heritage of such national thinkers who have worked in the space of sociocultural and religious studies has become relevant. That is why, in our opinion, the appeal to Vyacheslav Lipynsky's creative work is justified. Today, his legacy can be used not only to understand the history of society and the state, but also to understand some aspects of our present. Therefore, you should listen more carefully to the thoughts of this thinker.

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