Orientalism in the System of Dutch Colonial Administration (a Comparative Analysis of Russian Sources of Personal Origin and Works of Dutch Artistic Literature in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century)

Istoriya ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8 (94)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Galina Shatokhina-Mordvintseva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Dutch Colonial

The Struggle of NZV in Spreading the Gospel in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 026537882110471
Author(s):  
Kunto Sofianto ◽  
Amos Sukamto ◽  
Agus Manon Yuniadi ◽  
Agus Nero Sofyan
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Based on a widely accepted view, the spread of Christianity in Indonesia was backed up by Dutch intervention. This article argues that the assumption is not entirely right. In some regions, the Dutch colonial and European settlers paid little attention to Christian missions. Garut, for example, was a city in the Priangan Residence that served as an economic center for the Dutch. Islamic influence was very strong in Garut. Therefore, when the NZV reached Garut in 1899, it received no support from the Dutch colonial administration. The effort to spread Protestant Christianity was initiated by the Chinese people. The strong Islamic influence in Garut became the main barrier preventing people's conversion to Christianity. Even though at the beginning of the 20th century there was no direct resistance, but secretly the Islamic leaders fought back by building negative perceptions of both the Netherlands and Christianity by labeling them as kafir and unclean.

scholarly journals The Pokuttia dialect on the background of the literary standard

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Koliesnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Small Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Middle Generation

Pokuttia dialect comprises a small area transit to the adjacent Bukovyna, Hutsul, and Dniester dialects, its nature is less discussed if compared to other Southwest Ukrainian dialects, and, therefore, its status is not properly defined so far. The most important studies on the topic were made by Kost’ Kysilevs’kyi, who provided a detailed description of Pokuttia dialect data gathered in the early 20th century. His evidence along with our audiorecords of Pokuttia dialect in 2009—2018 allowed us for a contrast-comparative analysis of the dynamics of the dialect. It shows that not only striking phonetic features of Pokuttia dialects are actively present in speech of the older and middle generation, but also unique phonetic phenomena previously noted by Kysilevs’kyi have been preserved, e.g., in the Sniatyn region area. An interaction of the Pokuttia dialect, one of Southwest Ukrainian dialects, and Standard Ukrainian is one of the main issues of this article. It manifests itself as in the analysis of those features of the dialect that contrast it with the literary language and distinguish it from other dialects of the Ukrainian language (primarily phonetic and grammatical features), and in the description of phenomena that support the modern literary norm (however, fewer of them were observed). The paper states the following grammatical features of the Pokuttia dialect: archaic pronouns, a number of phonetic variations in numerals and the most used adverbs, special forms of a verb paradigm and remnants of double plural, examples of “honorable” plural (in oral speech and written text), and forms of plusquamperfect previously used in Common Slavic. This set of features opposes the Pokuttya dialect to the other Ukrainian dialects and distinguishes it from Standard Ukrainian. The main feature of the Pokuttya dialect is resistance to leveling, despite the significant authority of the literary Ukrainian language for speakers. Keywords: dialect, literary standard, Pokuttia dialects, language dynamics.

scholarly journals The Ministry of Deaconesses in Byzantium and Projects for Its Reconstruction at the Pre-Council Conference in Russia 1906

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-364
Author(s):  
Andrey Posternak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Women's Ministry ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Needy

Introduction. The order of deaconesses in Byzantium was formed by the time of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The idea of the institutionalization of the women’s ministry was revived in the new conditions in Russia of the 19th – early 20th century because of the need for Church reforms. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the ancient order of deaconesses and the project of its reconstruction in Russia allows us to determine characteristics of the ministry and status of deaconesses that depended on the specific living conditions of the Church. The deaconesses in the Byzantine Empire were ministers of the Church: the bishop ordained widows or virgins between the ages of 40 and 60. Deaconesses kept chastity, had property rights, were assigned to a parish, helped priests at the baptism of women, and were subordinate to clergymen. By the 12th century, the female order in Byzantium disappeared, however the honorary title of deaconess could later be worn by the prioress of female monasteries. The Russian Church has never had deaconesses, but in the 19th – early 20th century projects were discussed for the reconstruction of this women’s ministry which was actively developing in the protestant tradition. The Pre-Council Conference in 1906 developed a draft of Church reforms, including the rules for orthodox deaconesses, who could be elected from active parishioners, not nuns. It was assumed that these women were supposed to keep order in the Church, help the priest in the parish, at the baptism and catechumenate of women, help the sick and the needy, in the so called “inner mission”. However, the undeveloped status of deaconesses as new ministers of the Church did not allow this project to be implemented. Results. The order of the deaconesses that disappeared in Byzantium and the attempt to restore it in Russia show that a stable institutionalization of women’s ministry took place only at a certain period in the history of the Church which needed it.

The Bulgarian men’s high school in Thessaloniki from the late 19th – to the early 20th century (A comparative analysis of educational goals and educational documentation).

Proglas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetoslav Arseniev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Language Classes ◽  
Education Process

The article focuses on the role and the importance of the Bulgarian language as a foundation of the education process at the Bulgarian St. Cyril and St. Methodius Men’s High School. It discusses the historical factors which had an impact on Bulgarian education in Thessaloniki and studies the establishment and development of the Bulgarian High School in Thessaloniki as well as the role it played in educating teachers for the schools in Macedonia. The analysis focuses on the educational curricula adopted in the mid 1880s and is based on a comparison between the Men’s High School in Thessaloniki – as a representative school beyond the borders of the newly-liberated country – and the high schools in the Principality of Bulgaria. It also outlines the differences in the approaches to determining the number of Bulgarian language classes as well as the specifics of foreign language teaching at the High School in Thessaloniki and those in Bulgaria. Some attention has also been given to the textbooks and handbooks written by teachers from the school.

scholarly journals Category of Time and the Concept of Ideal Residence of the Monarch in the Architecture of the Great Livadia Palace

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-136
Author(s):  
Инесса Слюнькова ◽  
Inessa Slyun'kova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Buildings

The paper describes the findings of some new historical and architectural surveys of the great Livadia Palace in H2 of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Belonging to the Russian monarchs — from Alexander II to Nicholas II — the building is a monument of architecture and the landmark of the palace and park ensemble in the Crimea. For the first time, the equal focus was given to the original and the new palace that replaced it and was built according to the designs of architects I.A. Monighetti (1866) and M.P. Krasnov (1911), a graphical comparative analysis of layouts was carried out. The author has used the newly discovered archival materials and graphic sources, which indicate the replacement of one palace by another and allow raising the question of similarity lines and fundamental differences between the architecture of the old and the new buildings, due to the content of the order and the unbiased historical course of time. The author dwells upon the interaction of the new art of symbolism in the early 20th century with the architectural texts of the past. She hypothesizes about the search for the artistic equivalent of existential perception of time in the architecture.

scholarly journals The Rhetoric of Paintings: Balinese Painters, Dutch Colonists and the Question of Gender Relationships in 19th and Early 20th Century Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Peter Worsley
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Tijdschrift Voor ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
The One ◽  
Dutch Colonial

The present essay is about the interpretation of paintings and how an interest which Balinese painters display in gender relationships in the context of illustrations of ritual in their narrative works on the one hand, contrasts with strong expressions of Dutch disapproval of the despotic nature of the rule of Balinese kings and consequentially the unjust treatment of women in Balinese society on the other. With this in mind, the present paper first considers the representation of gender relationships in a number of Balinese paintings from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and then turns to a discussion of the understanding of Balinese gender relationships of two members of Dutch colonial society in the Dutch East Indies, one a senior bureaucrat, Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp and the other the protestant missionary R. van Eck. I discuss a play by Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp, ‘Pièce de Circonstance sur la conquête de Bali 1846’, written to celebrate the victory of the Dutch army over the Kingdom of Buleleng in 1846 and an article about ‘Het Lot der Vrouw op Bali’ (‘The lot of the Balinese woman’), published in the journal Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde in 1872 by the protestant missionary R. van Eck.

scholarly journals Lake Evolution in the Żnin Region in the Years 1912– 1960 (Central Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Ptak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Area Change ◽  
Lake Evolution ◽  
Surface Area Change

Abstract The evolution of lakes, which, in the final stage, leads to their disappearance, is mainly based on the analysis of surface area change. However, there is one more, frequently overlooked process, which determines lake disappearance - namely the lake shallowing. The present paper presents the direction and rate of such evolution, taking both these processes into account. It is a comparative analysis of 9 lakes in the Żnin region - which has the greatest water deficit in the whole of Poland. Based on bathymetric plans from two periods (early 20th century and early 60’s of the 20th century), the author was able not only to evaluate the scale of surface area change but also to determine the value of lake basins volume change. Both these values were negative and amounted 9.1% and 14.9% respectively. Assuming that the said processes are invariable, the prospective period of lake functioning is about 500 years when taking into consideration surface area change only, and is 150 years shorter when allowing for aquatic resources change. The presented approach to lake disappearance analysis, which treats this phenomenon as a decline in aquatic resources rather than a simple decrease in surface area, is more reliable and therefore, scientific works in this field should take the results of lake shallowing into consideration.

scholarly journals Anthropological Characteristics of Theatricality in the Context of Mordovian Dance Plasticity

2015 ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Dogorova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article gives a comparative analysis of historical and ethnographic materials of the late 19th - early 20th century to define the anthropological characteristics of theatricality in the context of Mordovian dance plasticity. For the first time ever, the basis is provided to the artistic and esthetic levels of existence of the syncretic behavioural activities of ancient composition of the “bezaktersky” theater of the “folklore period”.

scholarly journals CULTURAL REVIVALISM OF MANGKUNEGARA VII AND THE ISLAMISM DISCOURSE IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Adi Putra Surya Wardhana ◽  
Titis Srimuda Pitana ◽  
Susanto Susanto
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Cultural Organizations ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
Movement Organization ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This article aims at studying Javanese cultural revivalism of Mangkunegara VII, its function, and meaning, within the context of the rise of Islamism in the early 20th century. Mangkunegara VII was a Mangkunegaran ruler who actively participated in developing Javanese culture. When he was young, he was an essential figure in Budi Utomo, a movement organization that represented Javanese nationalism which was influenced by the complex relations between language awareness, colonialism, modernism, and Islamism. He was also involved in various Kejawen organizations. Using Michel Foucault's discourse theory, this paper argues that Javanese cultural revivalism is a Javanese nationalist success to overcome the excessive radicalism of Islamic discourse. When Islamism arose with their attacks against the abangan, he carried out counter-narratives through Javanese cultural organizations. As a ruler, he was successful in assuming legitimacy from the Mangkunegaran people as well as to influence the Dutch colonial government, and other Javanese nationalists as well.

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