High soil phosphorus application significantly increased grain yield, phosphorus content but not zinc content of cowpea grains

Abstract Background and aims Phosphorus (P) is limiting in many soils of cowpea producing areas. To ameliorate the impact of soil P deficiency, the use of P-based fertilizers is highly recommended. However, a negative association between zinc (Zn) content and high P application has been reported in some crops. There are few reports about P-Zn interaction on cowpea. Thus, in this study, the response of cowpea to the varying amounts of P and their effect on plant P and Zn content, and yield were investigated.Methods Thirty genotypes were grown at three P rates in screenhouse and field environments. In the screenhouse, shoot biomass, P and Zn content were measured at 55 days after sowing. In the field, grain yield, P, and Zn content were determined in the harvested tissues when plants reached full maturity.Results Higher rates of P in the growth media led to significantly increased shoot biomass, and grain yield but were not associated with a significant change in shoot or grain Zn content. There was not a significant correlation between grain yield and Zn content in high soil P (p < 0.05). The site regression analysis revealed that the first two principal components explained 69.76%, and 22.30% of total variance for grain yield, and 69.01% & 24.66% of total variance for Zn content.Conclusions The effect of higher P application on reduced shoot and grain Zn content may be genotype-dependent and could be circumvented if genotypes with high Zn content under higher P supply are identified and cultivated.

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High Soil Phosphorus Application Significantly Increased Grain Yield, Phosphorus Content but Not Zinc Content of Cowpea Grains

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 802

Author(s):

Saba B. Mohammed ◽

Daniel K. Dzidzienyo ◽

Adama Yahaya ◽

Muhammad L. Umar ◽

Muhammad F. Ishiyaku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Soil P ◽

High Soil ◽

Wide Range ◽

Zn Content ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

The Impact

To ameliorate the impact of soil phosphorus (P) deficiency on cowpea, the use of P-based fertilizers is recommended. Plant zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient required by plants in a wide range of processes, such as growth hormone production and metabolism. However, a negative association between plant Zn content and high P application has been reported in some crops. There are few reports about soil P application and plant Zn content relationship on cowpea. Thus, this study investigated the response of cowpeas to three P rates in the screenhouse (0, 1.5, and 30 mg P/kg) and field (0, 10, and 60 kg P2O5/ha) and their effects on plant P and Zn content, biomass, and grain yield. In the screenhouse, shoot and root dry weights, and shoot P and Zn content were measured. Shoot dry weight, grain yield, grain P, and Zn contents were determined from field plants. Higher rates of P led to increased shoot biomass and grain yield of the field experiment but were not associated with a significant change in shoot or grain Zn content. There was not a significant correlation between grain yield and Zn content in high soil P (p < 0.05). The effect of higher P application on reduced plant Zn contents may be genotype-dependent and could be circumvented if genotypes with high Zn content under high soil P are identified.

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Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Optimizing Phosphorus Application Rates for Maize in the Northeast Plain of China for Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11174799 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 4799

Author(s):

Wenting Jiang ◽

Xiaohu Liu ◽

Xiukang Wang ◽

Lihui Yang ◽

Yuan Yin

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Application Rate ◽

P Uptake ◽

Plant P Uptake ◽

P Fertilizer ◽

P Rate ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

The Impact

Optimizing the phosphorus (P) application rate can increase grain yield while reducing both cost and environmental impact. However, optimal P rates vary substantially when different targets such as maximum yield or maximum economic benefit are considered. The present study used field experiment conducted at 36 experiments sites for maize to determine the impact of P application levels on grain yield, plant P uptake, and P agronomy efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits and private profitability, and to evaluated the agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically (EOPR) optimal P rate at a regional scale. Four treatments were compared: No P fertilizer (P0); P rate of 45–60 kg ha−1 (LP); P rate of 90–120 kg ha−1 (MP); P rate of 135–180 kg ha−1 (HP). P application more effectively increased grain yield, reaching a peak at MP treatment. The plant P uptake in HP treatment was 37.4% higher than that in P0. The relationship between P uptake by plants (y) and P application rate (x) can be described by the equation y = −0.0003x2 + 0.1266x + 31.1 (R2 = 0.309, p < 0.01). Furthermore, grain yield (y) and plant P uptake (x) across all treatments also showed a significant polynomial function (R2 = 0.787–0.846). The MP treatment led to highest improvements in P agronomic efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits (BY) and private profitability (BP) compared with those in other treatments. In addition, the average agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically optimal P rate (EOPR) in 36 experimental sites were suggested as 127.9 kg ha−1, 110.8 kg ha−1, and 114.4 kg ha−1, which ranged from 80.6 to 211.3 kg ha−1, 78.2 to 181.8 kg ha−1, and 82.6 to 151.6 kg ha−1, respectively. Economically optimal P application (EOPR) can be recommended, because EOPR significantly reduced P application compared with AOPR, and average economically optimal yield was slightly higher compared with the average yield in the MP treatment. This study was conducive in providing a more productive, use-effective, profitable, environment-friendly P fertilizer management strategy for supporting maximized production potential and environment sustainable development.

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Residual effects of phosphorus fertiliser in a stylo-native grass pasture on a duplex red earth soil in the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9940173 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

KA Shaw ◽

MA Gilbert ◽

JD Armour ◽

MJ Dwyer

Keyword(s):

Soil Analysis ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Native Grass ◽

Soil P ◽

Initial Application ◽

Red Earth ◽

P Application ◽

Stylosanthes Scabra ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

Establishment Phase

A field experiment was established to define the phosphorus (P) requirement for establishment and maintenance of a mixed legume pasture (Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca, S. hamata cv. Verano, S. guianensis cv. Graham, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro) introduced into a native grass pasture on an infertile duplex red earth. Rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 kg P/ha were applied to separate plots in year 1 (1982), 2, and 3. In year 5 (1986 growing season), half of each plot that had received 20 and 40 kg P/ha in year 3 was refertilised at the original rate to ensure that maximum yields were defined. Bicarbonate- or acid-extractable soil P concentrations of 8 mg/kg were sufficient for 80% maximum legume yield. The residual value of applied P in the surface soil, as measured by soil analysis, decreased exponentially, but an initial application of 40 kg P/ha was still sufficient to produce near-maximum legume yield after 5 years. Phosphorus application increased the dry matter yield of legume. During the establishment phase (years 1 and 2 after planting) yields reached maximum at 10 and 20 kg P/ha, respectively, but increased linearly in subsequent years. When the original rates were reapplied in year 5, peak yield occurred at 20 + 20 kg P/ha, and there was no difference between this yield and that from plots receiving 40 kg P/ha in year 1. Native grass yields increased with P application only in years 4 and 5 of the experiment. Stylos demonstrated good tolerance to low P supply. In year 1, 80% of the total legume yield consisted of Graham stylo and Siratro, whereas in subsequent years, Seca and Verano made up 70 and 20%, respectively, of the total, irrespective of treatment. Yield of legume at nil P, relative to maximum, increased from 5% in year 1 to 42% in year 5.

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Response of irrigated soybeans (Glycine max) to phosphorus on an alkaline cracking clay in semi-arid tropical Australia

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860115 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AL Garside ◽

MC Fulton

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Soil P ◽

P Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

P Application

The primary and residual effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on soybeans (Glycine max cv. Buchanan) were studied at one site for three seasons on Cununurra clay in the Ord Irrigation Area. Grain yield increased (P< 0.01) with both primary and residual P in all seasons. When grain yields over the 3 years were standardized to eliminate seasonal effects, relative grain yield (RGY) was positively related to each of bicarbonate-extractable soil P (EP), applied fertilizer P (FP) and fertilizer P applied to the previous crop (PFP). Seventy-three per cent of the variation in relative yield within years could be explained by the equation: RGY = 45.44 + 0.64FP + l.84EP + 0.197PFP R 2 = 0 . 7 3 , P < 0.01 Increasing P status was associated with increased plant height, dry matter production and weight of 100 seeds and increased the number of main-stem nodes, nodules, pods per plant and days to maturity, but had no effect on number of seeds per pod and number of days until commencement and completion of flowering. Concentrations of P in the whole tops and uppermost leaf increased with increasing rate of P application. However, there was a significant P x growth stage interaction on nitrogen concentrations in whole tops and upper-most leaf, these being lower in the high-P plots early in the season. Grain protein content increased with increasing P status while oil content was reduced. The results show that rates of P application higher than those being currently used are required to maximize soybean yield on Cununurra clay.

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Evaluation of Low Phosphorus Tolerance of Rice Varieties in Northern Ghana

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v4n4p109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Williams Kwame Atakora ◽

Mathias Fosu ◽

S. O. Abebrese ◽

Michael Asante ◽

Matthias Wissuwa

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Days To Maturity ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

Muriate Of Potash

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint to upland rice production on highly weathered, low activity clay soils in the humid zones of West Africa. There is a paucity of information on the short-term fertilizer P effects on rice on these soils. A field experiment was conducted in 2011 to determine the response of twenty-four (24) upland rice cultivars to fertilizer Phosphorus (P) applied at 0 and 60 kg P ha−1. An uncultivated field at SARI research area with available P (Bray 1) P content of 3.0 mg/kg was used for the experiment. The ploughed area was divided into two plots with one plot for +P and the other for -P treatment. Each of the 24 varieties was allocated three rows and spaced at 20 x 10 cm in four replications. The varieties were randomized for each replicate and planted on 2nd July 2011 at one seed per hill. Pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethaline 400 g/l (Alligator) was applied at 3.2 L/ha two days after planting followed by one hand weeding. For the (-) P plot, the entire field received N at 60 kg/ha as Sulphate of ammonia and K2O at 60 kg/ha as Muriate of Potash. For the (+) P plot, fertilizer was applied at NPK 60-60-60 kg/ha from Sulphate of ammonia, Triple superphosphate and Muriate of potash, respectively. For each plot, the N was split applied. Results showed that the plants that received P were more vigorous and healthier. There was significant variety effect on number of tillers per plant (NOTPP), days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to maturity (DTM), dry weight of biomass (DWOB), number of panicles per plant (NOPPP), and grain yield per plant. Similarly, there was significant phosphorus effect on number of tillers per plant (NOTPP), days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to maturity (DTM), dry weight of biomass (DWOB), number of panicles per plant (NOPPP), and grain yield per plant. There was generally no interactive effect of variety by fertilizer except for DFF and DTM. The number of tillers per plant ranges from 3 – 16 with the overall mean without P application being 4 while overall mean with P application was 9. When P was applied, the number of days to 50 % flowering reduced from 86 days to 79 days. Days to maturity (DTM) was also reduced from 118 to 111 on average by P application. The varieties that were most tolerant to low P were ITA 257, Nerica 3 and TOX 1011-4-A2. The grain yield of ITA 257 remained the same whether P was applied or not. This is the variety that is best adapted to low P. We concluded that rice growth and yield components were affected by Phosphorus application. Plants that received phosphorus flowered and matured earlier. They also accumulated higher biomass and grain yield. ITA 257, Nerica 3 and TOX 1011-4-A2 were most tolerant to P deficiency.

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Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice and Wheat Influenced by Residues Incorporation and Phosphorus Application under Saline Soil

Biological Sciences - PJSIR ◽

10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.59.2.2016.59.68 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 59-68

Author(s):

Imdad Ali Mahmood ◽

Arshad Ali ◽

Armghan Shahzad ◽

Tariq Sultan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Residue ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

P Use Efficiency ◽

P Rate ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application

A two years field study according to split plot design was conducted to investigate the impactof crop residue (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P2O5/ha) on P use efficiency andyield of direct seeded rice (DSR) and wheat grown under saline soil (ECe = 4.59 dS/m; pHs = 8.38;SAR = 6.57 (mmolc/L)1/2; extractable P = 4.07 mg/kg; texture = sandy clay loam), during the years 2011and 2012. Planting of DSR (with and without crop residue incorporation @ 2 tonnes/ha) were placed inmain plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on tillering, plant height, panicle length, 1000 grainweight, paddy and straw yields were collected. On an average of two years, maximum tillers (18), paniclelength (33), grain/panicle (121) and paddy yield (3.26 t/ha) were produced with P application @ 80 kgP2O5/ha along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17),spike length (17), grains/panicle (66) and grain yield (3.56 t/ha) were produced with P application @ 80 kgP2O5/ha along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with thistreatment (80 kg P2O5/ha + CR) performed statistically equal to 120 kg P2O5/ha without CR incorporationduring both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantlysuperior (22 and 24%, respectively) than that of higher P rate (120 kg/ha) without CR. Overall, continuoustwo years CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest.Higher P use efficiency and concentrations of P, K+ and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues wasfound where 80 kg P2O5/ha was applied along with CR incorporation or 120 kg P2O5/ha alone while Na+and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. An increasing trend inDSR paddy and wheat grain yields was observed with increasing the rate of P application without CRincorporation, however, it was not as much as that of 80 kg P2O5/ha application with CR incorporationand found to be superior than rest of the treatments during both study years.

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Effects of long-term fertilizer phosphorus application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859698005723 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 131 (2) ◽

pp. 187-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

I. R. RICHARDS ◽

C. J. CLAYTON ◽

A. J. K. REEVE

Keyword(s):

Application Rate ◽

Trial Period ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Soil P ◽

South West ◽

P Balance ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

South West England

The effects of four rates of fertilizer phosphorus (P) application (0, 9·8, 19·6 and 39·2 kg P/ha per year) on soil and crop P and cadmium (Cd) contents were measured in a field trial begun in 1968 and cropped each year with barley in south west England. In 1996, available and total soil P and Cd were measured in seven soil layers (0–20, 20–25, 25–30, 30–35, 35–40, 40–45 and 45–50 cm). Offtake of P in the crop was measured, or could be estimated, throughout the trial period. There was a linear relationship between P balance (total applied − total offtake) and P application rate with a balance of zero at a rate equivalent to 17 kg P/ha per year. The rate of P required for the economically optimum grain output was equivalent to 30 kg P/ha per year. No evidence was found for available P enrichment of soil layers below 25 cm. There was no evidence of Cd enrichment of either soil or crop after 29 years of P applications.

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Effect of rates and methods of phosphorus application on herb and oil yields and nutrient concentrations in Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600080163 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 691-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. K. Kothari ◽

Virendra Singh ◽

Kamla Singh

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

P Availability ◽

Mentha Arvensis ◽

Soil P ◽

Japanese Mint ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

Placement Depth

Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.), one of the important essential-oil-bearing crops of India, is a potential source of natural menthol which is widely used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Generally under intensive cultivation, the application (broadcast with incorporation) of phosphorus leads to enhanced herb and oil yields of different mint species (Rao, Rao & Singh, 1983; Singh et al. 1983; Vadivel & Sampath, 1981), but the knowledge that P-adsorption to soil surface reduces plant availability suggests that a P application method limiting soil-P contact may improve P availability and use efficiency (Phillips & Webb, 1971). Therefore, the placement depth and method may be an important factor in the proper use of applied phosphorus. Since uptake of P is reduced in dry soils (Reichman & Grunes, 1966; Simpson, 1960), P placed deeper in the soil would remain more available because of increased soil moisture. Another factor involved is the positional availability of the P source (Cooke, 1954). If placed too close to the surface, the roots may not come in contact with the fertilizer or too few would contact the band to maximize uptake.

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Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilization Treatments on the Phosphorus Transference in an Aquatic Brown Paddy Soil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.155 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 113-116 ◽

pp. 155-160

Author(s):

Quan Lai Zhou ◽

Mu Qiu Zhao ◽

Cai Yan Lu ◽

Yi Shi ◽

Xin Chen

Keyword(s):

Paddy Soil ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Application Rate ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Soil P ◽

Olsen P ◽

Fertilizer Application Rate ◽

P Fertilizer ◽

P Application ◽

Phosphorus Application

This study investigated the effects of different rates of phosphorus application on vertical transference of P. An aquatic brown paddy soil was filled in organic glass columns using for the leaching experiments. The results indicated that significant vertical transference was found using change of Olsen-P and CaCl2-P. The transference distance was no more than 10cm when P application rate between 200 and 800 kg P ha-1, and was more than 10cm as P application rate above 800 kg P ha-1. We obtained the threshold value of Olsen-P was 53.7 mg kg-1 by split-line model, and calculated that the threshold value of P fertilizer application rate was 382.1 kg P ha-1 by relationship of soil Olsen-P concentration and P application rate. The soil P transference increased, if P application rate was above 382.1 kg P ha-1. It would be helpful for controlling the P fertilizer amount by field to decrease P loss.

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Role of Integrated Nutrient Management and Agronomic Fortification of Zinc on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Wheat

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12093513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 3513 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Venkatesh Paramesh ◽

Shiva Dhar ◽

Anchal Dass ◽

Bipin Kumar ◽

Amit Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Zn Content ◽

P Fertilizer ◽

P Application

Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are essential plant nutrients, and their deficiency in soils and the antagonistic effect of P on Zn are important concerns world-over. Thus, a two-year (2012–13 to 2013–14) experimentation was carried out to assess grain yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of wheat by various levels of P and Zn. The results revealed that 50% recommended dose of P (RDP) through phospho-enriched compost (PEC) + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O recorded significantly higher grain yield (4.81 and 4.61 t ha−1, respectively), straw yield (7.20 and 6.92 t ha−1, respectively) and protein content (11.5% and 11.3%, respectively). The concentrations of Zn in grain (35.6%) and straw (57.3%) were not affected due to organic P application but 100% P through P fertilizer reduced the Zn content in the grains. Both soil and foliar application of Zn were found to be more promising in increasing Zn and Fe concentration in grains (37.5 and 30.9 mg kg−1, respectively) and straw (60.3 and 398 mg kg−1, respectively). Overall, the treatment combination of 50% RDP through PEC + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil applied 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one spray of 0.5% Zn was beneficial in reducing antagonistic effect of P on Zn and increasing Zn and Fe concentration in wheat grain and, thus, could be used for improving the yield of Zn and Fe enriched wheat grains.

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