scholarly journals SEASONAL CHANGES IN NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES IN CRANBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1066f-1066
Author(s):  
Teryl R. Roper ◽  
Marianna Hagidimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

Carbohydrate concentration may be important for flower initiation and fruit set in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Fruit set has been shown to be a major limiting factor in yield component analysis. The objective of this research was to identify carbohydrate concentrations in cranberry tissues at various stages of development under field conditions. Samples of two cranberry cultivars, `Stevens' and `Searles' were collected during the 1989 season using a 13 cm diameter probe. Samples were divided into fruit, uprights, woody stems and roots. Carbohydrates were quantified by HPLC. Nonstructural carbohydrates were primarily sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch. Soluble carbohydrate concentration was stable throughout the season in tissues analyzed, while starch content was high early in the season then decreased during blossom and fruit set. This work shows that starch reserves in leaves and stems apparently are remobilized to support fruit set in cranberry.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Cranberry

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Hagidimitriou ◽  
Teryl R. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Below Ground

`Searles' (low yielding) and `Stevens' (high yielding) cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) tissues were collected in 1990 and 1991 to determine the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in above-ground (uprights, woody stems) and below-ground tissue. Uprights had the highest total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration, followed by woody stems, while below-ground tissue contained the lowest TNC concentration. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in uprights increased early in the season, reached a maximum in late May, decreased as flowering approached, and remained low from late June to late August. The latter period corresponds to flowering, fruit set, floral initiation, and fruit development stages. In late August, when fruit were full size, TNC levels increased, reaching highest concentration in November as the plants were entering dormancy. Most TNC increase in the early season and the subsequent decrease were due to changes in starch. The increase of TNC late in the season was primarily due to increases in soluble carbohydrates. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was greater in vegetative than fruiting uprights for the entire growing season. The lower TNC concentration in fruiting than vegetative uprights during flowering and fruit set was due to greater starch depletion in fruiting uprights. Seasonal changes in TNC in the two cultivars were similar; however, `Stevens' had generally higher TNC concentration and total dry weight as well as more fruiting uprights, fruit, and fruit weight per ground area. The low TNC concentration observed during fruit set and development suggests that the demands for carbohydrates are highest during that period and supports the hypothesis that competition for carbohydrate resources is one factor responsible for low cranberry fruit set.

Shading Timing and Intensity Influences Fruit Set and Yield in Cranberry

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teryl R. Roper ◽  
John Klueh ◽  
Marianna Hagidimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
All Treatment

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) vines were shaded with either 72% or 93% shadecloth (28% or 7% of full sun) for 1 month before flowering, after flowering, or before harvest. Fruit set was reduced by heavy shade (93%) before flowering in 1991 but not in 1992 or 1993. Heavy shade following flowering reduced fruit set in 1991 and 1992 but not 1993. The number of flowers per upright was generally not affected by shading but was reduced by prebloom shading at either level in 1993. Mean berry weight was usually conserved. Yield was reduced by shading at either level following flowering in 1991 and 1992. Shading just before harvest had no effect on the characteristics measured. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was reduced to about half relative to the controls by either shading level at all treatment dates. Carbohydrate concentrations recovered to control levels by 4 to 8 weeks following removal of shading. Shading always reduced carbohydrate concentrations but did not always reduce fruit set or yield.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Levels and the Development of Fruit in Cranberry

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Birrenkott ◽  
Cynthia A. Henson ◽  
Elden J. Stang
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Current Growth ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Searles) vegetative tissue was analyzed at various stages of development to determine carbohydrate levels under field and greenhouse conditions and to identify the carbohydrates. Except during dormancy, cranberry uprights in the field had the highest concentration of carbohydrates (soluble and starch) at early blossom, when the lower flowers were at anthesis. As early flowers developed into fruit and upper flowers were at or just beyond anthesis, uprights had lower carbohydrate concentrations. As fruit growth slowed, soluble carbohydrate levels increased and were highest at dormancy. Upright shoot tissue produced the previous year and trailing woody stems followed the same trend as the current season's growth but had consistently lower soluble carbohydrate levels at each growth stage. Starch levels were low in current growth and did not change appreciably with fruit development. Starch was primarily stored and subsequently depleted in the previous season's upright growth and trailing woody stems. Tissue from the greenhouse was generally higher in carbohydrates than was field-grown tissue. Fruit developed from 53% of the flowers under greenhouse conditions, compared to 38% in the field. Insufficient carbohydrate levels may be responsible for the low fruit set observed in the field. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, and stachyose were present in cranberry vegetative tissue.

scholarly journals PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN CRANBERRY.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 654d-654
Author(s):  
Marianna Hagidimitriou ◽  
Teryl R. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Carbohydrate Partitioning ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
One Year

Fruit set has been shown to be a major limiting factor in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) productivity. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content is lowest during the flowering and fruit set period. This research was undertaken to determine the potential sources of carbohydrates which are important to support fruit set and fruit growth in cranberry. Fruiting uprights had lower TNC content than vegetative uprights beginning at early bloom and continuing through harvest, largely due to lower starch content. Starch from fruiting uprights is apparently remobilized to support flowering and fruit set. This also suggests that uprights on which the fruit are borne are the primary source for carbohydrates for fruit set and fruit growth throughout the season. Net CO2 assimilation rates (NAR) were measured in the field on current season and one year old leaves on cranberry uprights. New leaves had higher NAR than one year old leaves throughout the season. Thus, newly formed leaves on uprights, appear to be an important source for carbohydrates for fruit set and fruit growth. On a diurnal basis NAR peaked at approximately 9:00 a.m. and gradually declined through the day.

scholarly journals Source-Sink Relationships in Cranberry: Effects on Carbohydrate Production and Partitioning

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 761A-761
Author(s):  
Justine E. Vanden Heuvel*
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Source Sink

Fruiting and vegetative greenhouse-grown cranberry uprights (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were subjected to four defoliation levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) on one of three dates during the growing season. Seven days following defoliation, vines were destructively harvested and carbohydrate concentration was quantified using HPLC. Prior to new growth, defoliation did not affect the concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) in the uprights, or the partitioning of water-soluble (i.e., sucrose, glucose, fructose) to ethanol-insoluble (i.e., starch) carbohydrates, even though uprights with lower leaf areas had higher net CO2 assimilation rates (A). At 2 weeks post-bloom, TNSC concentration was reduced in defoliated vines, although A was not affected by defoliation. Prior to harvest, TNSC concentration was reduced in vines subjected to defoliation while A was unaffected, although the positive relationship between soluble carbohydrate concentration and leaf area per upright reached an asymptote, while the direct relationship between starch concentration and leaf area remained linear. Carbohydrate production and partitioning of an upright was unaffected by the presence of a single fruit throughout the experiment. These results suggest that carbohydrate production in cranberry uprights may be sink-limited prior to fruiting, and then becomes source-limited as the growing season progresses.

scholarly journals Timing and Severity of Pruning Effects on Cranberry Yield Components and Fruit Anthocyanin

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1462-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
Arthur Poole
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Conventional Systems

Timing and severity of pruning in a 30-year-old commercial `McFarlin' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bed were studied. Treatments in 1989 and 1990 consisted of early or late pruning and heavy, moderate, light, or no pruning. Yield component data were collected in Fall 1989 and 1990, just before harvest. Time of pruning did not affect yield components. In 1989, the unpruned and lightly pruned vines had a higher total plant fresh weight, fewer berries, higher berry yield, longer and more fruiting uprights, and fewer nonfruiting uprights (U,) compared with moderately or heavily pruned vines. Average length of UN and anthocyanin content of berries in 1989 were not influenced by pruning. In 1990, the effects of pruning severity were similar to 1989. In 1990, unpruned vines had a lower percent fruit set and berries contained less anthocyanin than pruned vines. Annual pruning with conventional systems in use decreases yield.

scholarly journals Rooting of Rhododendron `Anna Rose Whitney' Cuttings as Related to Stem Carbohydrate Concentration

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. French
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate

Rooting of Rhododendron `Anna Rose Whitney' (R. griersonianum × `Countess of Derby') was delayed in cuttings from stock plants grown in full sun, compared to cuttings from plants grown in 80% shade. In the outer stem (extracambium tissues), concentrations of glucose, sucrose, soluble carbohydrate, and total nonstructural carbohydrates were higher in cuttings from shaded stock plants. In the inner stem (intracambium tissues), where rooting originates, fructose, starch, and nonstructural carbohydrates were lower in cuttings from the shaded stock plants. Rooting percentage was reduced by CO2 mist during propagation. At 7 days, during rooting with a CO2 enrichment to 1100 μl·liter-1, fructose in the inner stem was 3-fold higher than in cuttings rooted under atmospheric CO2 (340 μ1·liter-1). Under CO2 mist, total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was higher in the inner stem throughout the rooting period. For both high stock plant irradiance and CO2 enrichment during propagation, there was an inverse relationship between fructose concentration in the inner stem and rooting. A possible mechanism for inhibition by fructose is proposed.

Seasonal Changes in Starch Content in Trophopods ofMatteuccia struthiopteris

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Peter Hovenkamp ◽  
Yan Shi-Kai ◽  
Young Hae Choi
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Starch Content

Response of orchard 'Washington Navel' orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, to saline irrigation water. II. Flowering, fruit set and fruit growth

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Howie ◽  
J Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Floral Differentiation

Flowering, fruit set and fruit growth of 'Washington Navel' orange fruit was monitored on 24-year-old Citrus sinensis trees on Sweet orange rootstocks that had been irrigated with either 5 or 20 mol m-3 NaCl for 5 years preceding measurements.Trees irrigated with high salinity water had reduced flowering intensities and lower rates of fruit set. This resulted in final fruit numbers for trees irrigated with 20 mol m-3 being 38% those of trees irrigated with 5 mol m-3 NaCl. Final fruit numbers were quantitatively related to canopy leaf area for both salinity treatments.Despite little difference between trees in terms of leaf area/fruit number ratio, slower rates of fruit growth were initially observed on high salinity trees. This effect was not apparent during the latter stages of fruit development. Consequently, fruit on trees irrigated with 20 mol m-3 NaCl grew to the same size as fruit on trees irrigated with 5 mol m-3 NaCl, but achieved this size at a later date. Measurements of Brix/acid ratios showed that fruit on high salinity trees reached maturity standards 25 days after fruit on low salinity trees.Unimpaired growth of fruit on high salinity trees during summer and autumn occurred, despite appreciable leaf abscission, suggesting that reserve carbohydrate was utilized for growth during this period. Twigs on high salinity trees had much reduced starch content at the time of floral differentiation in winter. Twig starch content and extent of floral differentiation varied in a similar way when examined as a function of leaf abscission. This suggests that reduced flowering and fruit set in salinized citrus trees is due to low levels of reserve starch, most of which has been utilized to support fruit growth in the absence of carbohydrate production during summer and autumn.

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