Propagation of Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (Seaside Alder)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 479b-479
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Delmarva Peninsula ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
South Central ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Sexual Propagation ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Time Of Collection ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Seaside Alder

We are interested in the potential of seaside alder as a shrub or small tree for managed landscapes. This species has received little attention from horticulturists and occurs naturally only in small, disjunct populations in Maryland and southern Delaware (Delmarva Peninsula), northwestern Georgia, and south-central Oklahoma. Our objective is to optimize asexual (softwood cuttings and tissue culture) and sexual propagation of seaside alder while testing for differences in propagation success among populations. Terminal softwood cuttings collected 11 June 1997 (Delmarva) and 25 Aug. 1997 (Oklahoma) were treated with IBA at various concentrations and provided intermittent mist in a greenhouse for 10 weeks. Up to 44% rooting was achieved by using 1 g IBA/kg on cuttings from Delmarva; replication over time will be used to determine whether poorer rooting of cuttings from Oklahoma (maximum of 17% with 8 g IBA/kg) was due to genotypic effects or the time of collection. Strobili were collected during late 1997 from multiple plants in the three populations. Unstratified seed from Oklahoma showed from 40% to 76% germination after 21 days depending on the tree of origin. The only previous data of germination of unstratified seeds was a report of 5% to 20% for seeds from Delmarva, so provenance as well as stratification effects on germination are being evaluated.

scholarly journals Propagation of Alnus maritima from Softwood Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delmarva Peninsula ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Alnus Maritima ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Time Of Collection ◽  
Seaside Alder

Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Nutt. (seaside alder) is a rare, woody-plant species with potential for use in managed landscapes. Information on the propagation and production of this species is not available. Our objective was to evaluate the use of softwood cuttings to propagate A. maritima, with emphasis on how indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), plant provenance, and time of collection affect cutting survival, rooting percentage, the number of roots produced, and their length. Propagation trials were conducted with cuttings from seven trees on the Delmarva Peninsula (Eastern Shore of Maryland and southern Delaware) and seven trees in Oklahoma. Cuttings from mature plants in both provenances were collected on 14 June and 23 Aug. 1998; wounded; treated with IBA at 0, 1, or 8 g·kg-1; and placed under intermittent mist in a greenhouse for 9 weeks. Use of IBA at 8 g·kg-1 caused a greater rooting percentage (68%), root count (7.2), and root length (39.2 mm) than did the other IBA rates when applied to cuttings from Oklahoma in June, but IBA had little effect on cuttings from the Delmarva Peninsula. Across IBA treatments, rooting of cuttings from Oklahoma (55% in June and 12% in August) was greater than the rooting of cuttings from Delmarva (27% in June and 3% in August). Cuttings from Oklahoma had greater survival, callus development, root length, and root count than did cuttings from the Delmarva Peninsula during June and August trials. Averaged over IBA treatments and provenances, cuttings collected on 14 June rooted more frequently (41%) than did cuttings collected 23 Aug. (8%). We conclude that softwood cuttings from mature plants are an effective way to multiply clones of A. maritima, particularly when cuttings are collected early in the season and treated with IBA at 8 g·kg-1.

scholarly journals 106 Propagation of Alnus maritima from Softwood Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 459E-459
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delmarva Peninsula ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Alnus Maritima ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Seaside Alder

Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (seaside alder) is a rare, North American species with strong potential for use in managed landscapes. Information on the propagation and production of this species is not available. Our objective was to evaluate the potential for using softwood cuttings to propagate A. maritima, with emphasis on how IBA and plant provenance affect rooting success. Propagation trials were conducted with cuttings from seven trees native to the Delmarva Peninsula and seven trees from Oklahoma. Cuttings from both provenances were collected on 14 June and 23 Aug. Cuttings were wounded; treated with 0, 1, or 8 g/kg IBA; and placed under intermittent mist in a greenhouse for 9 weeks. The highest percentage of rooting (67.9) was achieved for the Oklahoma provenance by using 8 g/kg IBA in June. Across IBA treatments, rooting of cuttings from Oklahoma, 54.8% (June) and 12.4% (August), was higher than rooting of cuttings from Delmarva, 27.1% (June) and 3.1% (August). IBA at 8 g/kg caused a higher rooting percentage than the other IBA rates at both times of the season. More cuttings collected 14 June rooted (41%) than those collected 23 Aug. (7.7%) over IBA treatments. Another experiment involved cuttings from one juvenile, greenhouse-grown seedling from Oklahoma that showed 100% rooting with both 1 and 8 g/kg IBA. Shoot growth appeared more vigorous on rooted cuttings from these juvenile stems than on plants derived by rooting mature tissue collected in nature. We conclude that using softwood cuttings can be an effective way to multiply clones of A. maritima, particularly when stock plants are juvenile and cuttings are treated with IBA.

scholarly journals Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Alnus maritima from Its Three Disjunct Populations

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Delmarva Peninsula ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
Alnus Maritima ◽  
Multiple Groups ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Genotypic variation and horticultural potential of Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (seaside alder), a large shrub or small tree found naturally in only three small, disjunct populations, have not been studied. We examined effects of population of origin and environment on seed germination and growth and morphology of seedlings. The first experiment showed that 6 weeks of cold stratification optimized germination of half-sibling seeds from Oklahoma at 73.2%. When this treatment was applied to multiple groups of half-siblings from all populations in a second experiment, seeds from Oklahoma had a higher germination percentage (55.0%) than seeds from Georgia (31.4%) and the Delmarva Peninsula (14.7%). In a third experiment, morphology and growth of multiple groups of half-siblings from all three populations were compared in one environment. Leaves of seedlings from Oklahoma were longer (12.8 cm) and more narrow (2.15 length to width ratio) than leaves of seedlings from Georgia (12.0 cm long; ratio = 1.76) and the Delmarva Peninsula (11.6 cm long; ratio = 1.86). Seedlings from Oklahoma and Georgia accumulated dry weight at higher rates (181 and 160 mg·d-1, respectively) than seedlings from Delmarva (130 mg·d-1), while seedlings from Oklahoma and Delmarva were more densely foliated (0.72 and 0.64 leaves and lateral shoots per centimeter of primary stem, respectively) than those from Georgia (0.46 per cm). These differences indicate genetic divergence among the three disjunct populations and the potential to exploit genetic variation to select horticulturally superior A. maritima for use in managed landscapes.

scholarly journals 608 Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Alnus maritima from Its Three Disjunct Populations

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 552B-552
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Delmarva Peninsula ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
Alnus Maritima ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Genotypic variation and horticultural potential of Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (seaside alder), a large shrub or small tree found naturally in only three small, disjunct populations, have not been studied. We examined effects of population of origin and environment on seed germination and the growth and morphology of seedlings. Our first germination experiment showed that 6 weeks of cold stratification applied to half-siblings from Oklahoma optimized germination at 73.2%. When this treatment was applied to multiple half-sib seed sources from all populations in a second experiment, seeds from Oklahoma had a higher germination percentage (55%) than seeds from both Georgia (31.4%) and the Delmarva Peninsula (14.7%). A third experiment showed that growth of seedlings increased with increasing irradiance intensity up to 258 μmol·m–2·s–1, and survival and growth of seedlings from Oklahoma varied with root media. In a fourth experiment, multiple groups of half-siblings from all three populations were grown in one environment to compare variation in growth and morphology within and among populations. Leaves of Oklahoma seedlings were longer (12.8 cm) and more narrow (2.15 length: width ratio) than leaves of seedlings from Georgia (12.0 cm long, ratio = 1.76) and the Delmarva Peninsula (11.6 cm long, ratio = 1.86). Seedlings from Oklahoma and Georgia had a higher growth rate (180.7 and 160.0 mg/day, respectively) than did seedlings from Delmarva (130.1 mg/day), while Oklahoma and Delmarva seedlings were more densely foliated (0.72 and 0.64 leaves and lateral shoots per cm of primary stem, respectively) than those from Georgia (0.46 per cm). These differences indicate both divergence among the three disjunct populations and potential to exploit genetic variation to select horticulturally superior A. maritima for use in managed landscapes.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Vernal Budbreak of Rhamnus caroliniana and the Invasive Rhamnus cathartica

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Reid D. Landes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rhamnus Cathartica ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Carolina buckthorn [Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. or Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray] is an attractive and water-stress-resistant shrub or small tree distributed extensively in the southeastern United States that merits use in managed landscapes. Due to substantial climatic differences within its distribution (30-year normal midwinter minima range from 13 to -8 °C), selection among provenances based on differences in cold hardiness is warranted. Before selections are marketed, the potential of carolina buckthorn to be invasive also merits investigation. Ecological problems resulting from the introduction of Rhamnus L. species in the United States, most notably the dominance of R. cathartica L. (common buckthorn) over neighboring taxa, are due in part to early budbreak. Consequently, we investigated depth of cold hardiness and vernal budbreak of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn. Stem samples of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn collected in midwinter survived temperatures as low as -21 and -24 °C, respectively. Although the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorns from Missouri was greater than that of carolina buckthorns from Ohio and Texas on 2 Apr. 2003, there were no differences in cold hardiness of stems from Missouri and Texas on all three assessment dates in the second experiment. All plants survived at both field locations except for the carolina buckthorns from southern Texas planted in Iowa, which showed 0% and 17% survival in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Budbreak of both species with and without mulch in Ames, Iowa, was recorded from 9 Apr. to 10 May 2002. Mean budbreak of common buckthorn was 5.7 days earlier than budbreak of carolina buckthorn, and buds of mulched carolina buckthorns broke 4.2 days earlier than did buds of unmulched carolina buckthorns. We conclude that the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorn is sufficient to permit the species to be planted outside of its natural distribution. Populations of carolina buckthorn in Ohio and Missouri should be the focus of efforts to select genotypes for use in regions with harsh winters. Phenology of its budbreak suggests carolina buckthorn will not be as invasive as common buckthorn, but evaluation of additional determinants of invasiveness is warranted.

scholarly journals Soil Development as a Function of Time in the Rouge River Basin, South-Central Ontario

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Mahaney ◽  
Kalmia Sanmugadas
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
South Central ◽  
Rouge River ◽  
Extractable Iron ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

ABSTRACT Three soils of postglacial age, representing a chronosequence in the Rouge River Basin of south-central Ontario, were studied to determine variations in morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. These soils, forming in alluvium of mixed mineralogy represent the Late HoIocene (Entisol), Middle Holocene (lnceptisol),and Early Holocene (lnceptisol) surfaces. Horizon differentiation and soil thickness increase with greater age, while pH drops slightly in the sola of the older profiles. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter in the surface horizons increases slightly with age, while, for the most part, CaCO3 and Ca/ Mg ratio decrease. Significant changes occur over time, especially with an increase of dithionite-extractable iron with age (from ~ 0.20 in the Late Holocene soil to ~ 0.70 in the Middle to Early Holocene profiles). Illite and illite-smectite tend to decrease with age, being replaced by small amounts of chlorite and vermiculite. In spite of some variability in parent materials due to stratification and preweathering, and minor changes in species composition, the changes in soil properties are attributed to processes of soil formation acting over time.

Distribution and abundance of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Bryant ◽  
Doug W. Janz
Keyword(s):  
Life Style ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Subalpine Meadows ◽  
South Central ◽  
Historic Records ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Over Time

We analysed historic records and annual counts to assess the population status of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Since 1972, marmots have been found at 47 sites on 15 mountains. All but 2 colonies were located within 5 adjacent watersheds on south-central Vancouver Island. Counts underestimated actual marmot abundance. For most site–year combinations, observers probably counted 66–78% of adults and 75–89% of juveniles. Reproductive colonies typically contained fewer than 5 adults ([Formula: see text], SE = 0.61, n = 34). Most animals were found at elevations above 1000 m (81%), on south- to west-facing slopes (74%). After 1981, marmots colonized 11 habitats created by logging of forests above 700 m. Numbers of adults were above average (134–147%) during the early 1980s and have been near or below average since 1990 (58–99%). The current (1995) population contains 100–200 animals, including 50–100 animals in logged habitats. Marmota vancouverensis is rare primarily because of the small size and patchy distribution of natural subalpine meadows on Vancouver Island. The species is apparently adapted to a metapopulation life-style, in which a network of small colonies exhibit population fluctuations, local extinctions and recolonizations over time.

scholarly journals Cuando la mano de obra se subleva: estrategias terratenientes durante la reforma agraria chilena (1964-1973)

2018 ◽  
pp. 201-230
Author(s):  
Mathias Órdenes ◽  
José Díaz-Diego ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
South Central ◽  
Rural World ◽  
Peasant Movement ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Over Time

The object of this article is to describe and analyze the strategies landowners used against mobilized workers in south-central Chile during the agrarian reform. Key aspects analyzed in the development of landowner strategies include the traditional composition of the rural world, the changes occurring in the socio-political panorama over time, as well as workers’ unions and landowner organizations. Along with the potential for violence, unusual actions included patron organization unity, a propositional discourse opposing agrarian reform, a search for agreements with the peasant movement, and the establishment of an alliance with higher-level legal and tenant resources. A review of bibliographic, documentary and archival sources offers greater understanding of the reformist period. It has traditionally been conceptualized through a historiographic narrative of interclass struggles and political and labor confrontation, but here incorporates variables that include negotiation, coalitions and modernization.

scholarly journals Variation over time in the prevalences of three viruses of the grapevine leafroll complex in a commercial vineyard in south-central Chile

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
María Valentina Mujica ◽  
Roxana Mora ◽  
Marlene Rosales ◽  
Claudio Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Central Chile ◽  
South Central ◽  
Commercial Vineyard ◽  
Over Time
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document