scholarly journals The Ethos of Intractable Interethnic Conflict: Research Approaches and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Elena O. Golynchik
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
State University ◽  
Intractable Conflict ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Definition Of

The present article deals with the concept of ‘ethos’ as applied to intractable interethnic conflicts - this topic has hardly ever been addressed in Russian scientific literature. The ethos of conflict is defined as a system of social beliefs and myths shared by a large group of people involved in a long-term intractable conflict and closely connected with the history of the conflict that dominates in this society, i.e. the collective memory of it. The concept of ‘intractable interethnic conflict’ was introduced into Russian psychology by T.G. Stefanenko, who began to study the phenomenology of such conflicts at the Department of Social Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Following the line, the article introduces the reader to modern research in this area. In the first part of the work, the author gives a definition of an intractable conflict, analyzes D. Bar-Tal’s theory of the ethos of conflict and describes methods for studying it applied in foreign social psychology. The author also describes the content of eight topics, around which the beliefs that make up the ethos of conflict are grouped. The second part of the article deals with the critics of contemporary ethos of conflict researches and new approaches to this phenomenon. The following three current trends in studying the ethos of conflict are highlighted: the first one is associated with an attempt to explain the ethos of conflict stability within the categories of J. Jost’s system justification theory (SJT); the second one is based on the assumption that the beliefs of members of a conflicting group are not uniform; therefore, it is important to study not only the prevailing social point of view on the conflict but also alternative views of minor or even outsider groups (rather opposing the ethos), because it is often an alternative view that can help out of a seemingly insoluble situation; and the last one is connected with research at the intersection of the phenomenology of the ethos of conflict and collective memory.

scholarly journals Representações do conceito de Ecologia: análise de livros didáticos e concepção de alunos de Ciencias Biológicas

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liduina Lima Pires Barbosa ◽  
Andréa Pereira Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State University ◽  
Environmental Sciences ◽  
Biology Students ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Definition Of

Resumo: A Ecologia é uma ciência que possui diferentes definições, sendo as mais utilizadas as de Haeckel e Krebs, contrastantes do ponto de vista temporal e conceitual. Por isso propomos: i) registrar as definições de Ecologia presentes nos livros didáticos utilizados na Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação de Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI e nas escolas do ensino básico de Itapipoca-Ceará e ii) acessar as representações do termo Ecologia partilhada pelos discentes de Biologia da FACEDI que já cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia e aqueles que ainda não as cursaram. Com uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa descritiva documental, analisamos 35 livros, 15 universitários e 20 livros do ensino básico. Para verificar quais conceitos são compreendidos pelos licenciandos utilizamos um questionário, respondido por 97 estudantes universitários e analisado pelo método de análise conteúdo. Registramos que a maioria dos livros (27) trazia apenas a definição de Haeckel e utilizavam o termo Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais; apenas sete livros traziam as duas definições e um trazia apenas o conceito de Krebs. Esses dados demonstram que a definição de Krebs é menos difundida do que a de Haeckel, e isso se soma a uma limitação conceitual ao considerar Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais, embora ambas tenham escopo distintos. Registramos também que as percepções de Ecologia partilhada pelos alunos estão mais próximas da definição de Haeckel. Concluímos que a inconsistência conceitual amplamente difundida nos livros didáticos é também partilhada pelos alunos, especialmente aqueles que ainda não cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia.Palavras-Chave: Ensino de Ecologia. Transposição Didática. Haeckel. Krebs.  REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF ECOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF DIDACTIC BOOKS AND CONCEPTION OF STUDENTS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Abstract: Ecology is a science that has different definitions the most used are those of Haeckel and Krebs, contrasting from a temporal and conceptual point of view. Therefore, we propose to: i) record the definitions of ecology present in the textbooks used at the State University of Ceara, the Faculty of Education of Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI and at the primary schools of Itapipoca-Ceara and ii) access the representations of the term Shared Ecology by the FACEDI Biology students who have already studied Ecology and those who have not yet studied them. With a descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach, we analyzed 35 books, 15 university students and 20 books of basic education. To verify which concepts are understood by the licensees we use a questionnaire, answered by 97 university students and analyzed by the content analysis method. We note that most of the books (27) contained only Haeckel's definition and used the term Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences; Only seven books had the two definitions and only one contains only Krebs. These data demonstrate that the definition of Krebs is less widespread than that of Haeckel, and this adds to a conceptual limitation when considering Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences, although both have a different scope. We also note that the perceptions of Ecology shared by students are closer to Haeckel's definition. We conclude that the conceptual inconsistency widely diffused in textbooks is also shared by the students, especially those who have not yet studied the subjects of Ecology.Keywords: Teaching Ecology. Didactic Transposition. Haeckel. Krebs.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGY STUDY BY FOREIGN STUDENTS AT THE PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT AT A TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Людмила Ивановна Ярица
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Foreign Student ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
State University ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Technical University ◽  
Definition Of

Рассматривается вопрос преподавания русского языка как иностранного в техническом вузе России. Актуальность темы обусловлена ростом числа иностранных студентов в российских вузах и необходимостью скорейшего овладения ими русским языком. Описаны особенности изучения русской научной лексики, терминологического аппарата технических дисциплин, в частности языка математики, иностранными студентами, обучающимися на подготовительном отделении Томского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. Проведен лингвистический эксперимент, в ходе которого студентам был предложен диктант, изобилующий научной лексикой; описаны результаты, а также нарушения произношения и написания терминов, так как главную трудность представляет именно изучение лексики научного стиля речи. Выявлены и описаны, структурированы особенности отступлений от нормы, предложены варианты работы по реализации программы отработки навыков нормативного письма иностранными студентами. Достаточно трудным является определение границы слова, написание букв в конце слова, восприятие шипящих согласных, парных согласных по глухости/звонкости, мягкости/твердости; определение рода имен существительных (в большинстве языков народов бывшего Советского Союза нет категории рода). В связи с этим возникает необходимость тщательно продумывать типы упражнений в соответствии с потребностью учащихся и их последовательность. The issue of teaching Russian as a foreign language in a technical university in Russia is considered. The relevance is due both to the increase in the number of foreign students in Russian universities and the need for them to master the Russian language as soon as possible in order to continue their studies in Russian. The aim of the work is to describe the features of mastering Russian scientific vocabulary, the terminology of technical disciplines, in particular, the language of mathematics by foreign students studying at the preparatory department of the Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Building). A linguistic experiment was carried out, when students were offered to write a dictation, replete with scientific vocabulary. The results, as well as violations of pronunciation and spelling of terms have been described, since the main difficulty is precisely the study of the vocabulary of the scientific style of speech. The peculiarities of deviations from the standard were also identified, structured, and described. Options for the implementation of the program for the development of normative writing skills by foreign students were proposed. Rather difficult is the definition of the word boundary, writing letters at the end of a word, the perception of hissing consonants, paired consonants (unvoiced – voiced), soft – hard; determination of the gender of a noun (in most languages of the former Soviet Union there is no category of gender). This requires the necessity of elaborate thinking over the exercise types and their sequence in accordance with students’ needs. This work continues a series of methodical publications, the main aim of which is improving the quality of foreign student education in technical universities of Russia.

scholarly journals Does it matter to define what is matter? A primer for materialists and beyond

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizio Tressoldi
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of what is the matter is fundamental not only for those supporting a materialist point of view of reality including our mental experiences, but also for those who support an alternative view. Starting from a brief historical overview of the ideas of what is the matter up to the more recent scientific theoretical and empirical contributions to this definition, we will show that the foundations of Materialism and Realism are falsified and must be replaced by an alternative interpretation of reality and, consequently, of who we really are.Western Idealism and Eastern Adavaita-Vedanta fits well with the modern evidence of what is the matter ad suggest Consciousness as the basic stuff of all that exists

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RELATIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srbuhi Gevorgyan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Paradigms ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the features of the impact of the environment in various socio-psychological paradigms. It has been substantiated that the definition of the most important skills of teaching, raising a child, an approach to him, understanding his unique characteristics depend on the sources and patterns of the child's mental development. The article also analyzes certain sections of social psychology from the point of view of the influence of the environment on the child.

Looking for an emergency door

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 102-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Professional Discretion ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Purpose – The paper investigates the role of information asymmetries and sensegiving processes of citizens claiming for social services. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the relevance of applicants’ agency, since it has been generally neglected in the analysis of social services provision. On the contrary, the paper proposes an alternative view, considering applicants as actors who are able to develop dialectic strategies for claiming specific forms of social assistance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a qualitative research, conducted following an inductive approach. The data have been collected in three different Italian municipalities, where the researcher has been the opportunity to perform a period of observation of the interviews between the social workers of the local social services department and the citizens applying for social assistance. Findings – The findings of the research point out that informational asymmetries play an ambivalent role in the definition of applicant’s strategies, since they represent an ambivalent and dynamic factor, rather than a mere source of disadvantage for the user. From this viewpoint, the citizens’ possibilities to access to social assistance are shaped by both institutional and dialectic factors: on the one hand, access to social assistance relies on specific criteria of eligibility (institutionally defined), but on the other hand the access is the outcome of situated sensegiving processes, performed by both the applicants and the gatekeepers of social services during their encounters. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on the analysis of a small number of cases, within a context that is characterized by a high level of organizational and professional discretion in the regulation of the provision of social assistance. Practical implications – The findings of the research urge policy maker to re-consider applicants as strategic actors and opens the space for the development of new options of regulation of the delivery of social services. Social implications – The paper suggests to consider the applicants for social services as people who, although in a condition of need, are capable to identify specific forms of assistance. From this point of view, informational asymmetries are not be considered as a stigmatic issue, but as a space which calls for further and less superficial investigation. Originality/value – The paper challenges some of the most taken-for-granted theoretical assumptions in the analysis of the regulation of the access to social assistance. First, it proposes a dynamic interpretation of the notion of informational asymmetries, considering them as a space for action, rather than a binding factor; second, it emphasizes the relevance of user’s agency in the access to welfare services, that is generally neglected since most analyses focus on professional discretion disregarding the hypothesis of the user as a strategic actor.

Science as a Path to Creative Work: to the History of Philosophical Discussions at Leningrad State University in the 1950s–1960s

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Igor D. Osipov ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr E. Rybas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State University ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Philosophical School ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Definition Of

The article examines the philosophical discussions at the Faculty of Philosophy of Leningrad State University during the Khrushchev “thaw”, initiated by the need to study the phenomenon of science and resulted in the organization of the Leningrad philosophical school. Having analyzed the issues brought up by the Leningrad philosophers and the research methodology they used, the authors conclude that this school mainly developed problems of science philosophy. Therefore, the definition of the Leningrad school as an ontological one (as op­posed to the Moscow gnoseological school), which is widespread in Russian his­torical and philosophical literature, is far from being correct. Moreover, it makes it difficult to see the relevance of the philosophical achievements of the Lenin­grad thinkers since it provokes to consider their ideas exclusively in the context of the disputes around the definition of matter, which took place among the theo­rists of dialectical materialism in Soviet times. On the contrary, considering the works written by the Leningrad philosophers in the 1950s–1960s from the point of view of the current philosophy of science allows us to better understand the philosophical innovations and original ideas of the Leningrad school. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the views of V.I. Svidersky and V.A. Shtoff, the founders of the Leningrad school of philosophy of science. The authors also consider the works of A.D. Aleksandrov, rector of Leningrad State University (1952–1964), and those of the deans of the Faculty of Philosophy of Leningrad State University V.P. Tugarinov (1951–1960) and V.P. Rozhin (1960–1969), who contributed to the popularization of scientific-philosophical doctrines at the uni­versity and helped to organize candid discussions. The views of some other Leningrad philosophers of science, e.g. A.S. Mamzin, L.O. Reznikov, G.A. Pod­korytov, V.P. Bransky, A.S. Carmin, are mentioned as well to trace back the de­velopment of the Leningrad school.

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

Dosimetry and optimization in digital radiography based on the contrast-detail resolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Otto Gomes Batista ◽  
Alexandre Gomes De Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Inverse Image ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Direct Radiography ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Contrast-detail (C-D) curves are useful in evaluating the radiographic image quality in a global way. The objective of the present study was to obtain the C-D curves and the inverse image quality figure. Both of these parameters were used as an evaluation tool for abdominal and chest imaging protocols. The C-D curves were obtained with the phantom CDRAD 2.0 in computerized radiography and the direct radiography systems (including portable devices). The protocols were 90 and 102 kV in the range of 2 to 20 mAs for the chest and 80 kV in the range of 10 to 80 mAs for the abdomen. The incident air kerma values were evaluated with a solid state sensor. The analysis of these C-D curves help to identify which technique would allow a lower value of the entrance surface air kerma, Ke, while maintaining the image quality from the point of view of C-D detectability. The results showed that the inverse image quality figure, IQFinv, varied little throughout the range of mAs, while the value of Ke varied linearly directly with the mAs values. Also, the complete analysis of the curves indicated that there was an increase in the definition of the details with increasing mAs. It can be concluded that, in the transition phase for the use of the new receptors, it is necessary to evaluate and adjust the practised protocols to ensure, at a minimum, the same levels of the image quality, taking into account the aspects of the radiation protection of the patient.

DIRECTIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONAL NAMES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Olena Karpenko ◽  
Tetiana Stoianova
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The Brain

The article is devoted to the study of personal names from a cognitive point of view. The study is based on the cognitive concept that speech actually exists not in the speech, not in linguistic writings and dictionaries, but in consciousness, in the mental lexicon, in the language of the brain. The conditions for identifying personal names can encompass not only the context, encyclopedias, and reference books, but also the sound form of the word. In the communicative process, during a free associative experiment, which included a name and a recipient’s mental lexicon. The recipient was assigned a task to quickly give some association to the name. The aggregate of a certain number of reactions of different recipients forms the associative field of a proper name. The associative experiment creates the best conditions for identifying the lexeme. The definition of a monosemantic personal name primarily includes the search of what it denotes, while during the process of identifying a polysemantic personal name recipients tend have different reactions. Scientific value is posed by the effect of the choice of letters for the name, sound symbolism, etc. The following belong to the generalized forms of identification: usage of a hyperonym; synonyms and periphrases or simple descriptions; associations denoting the whole (name stimulus) by reference to its part (associatives); cognitive structures such as “stimulus — association” and “whole (stimulus) — part (associative)”; lack of adjacency; mysterious associations. The topicality of the study is determined by its perspective to identify the directions of associative identification of proper names, which is one of the branches of cognitive onomastics. The purpose of the study is to identify, review, and highlight the directions of associative identification of proper names; the object of the research is the names in their entirety and variety; its subject is the existence of names in the mental lexicon, which determines the need for singling out the directions for the associative identification of the personal names.

‘A Russian revolt, senseless and merciless...’: The 100th anniversary of 1917 revolution in Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Nikolai A. Zhirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
State University ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The People ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Preceding Period

On September, 21-23, the I.A. Bunin Yelets State University, supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFFI), held an All-Russian scientific conference ‘In the time of change: Revolt, insurrection, and revolution in the Russian periphery in the 17th – early 20th centuries’. Scientists from various Russian regions participated in its work. The conference organizers focused on social conflicts in the Russian periphery. The first series of reports addressed the Age of Rebellions in the Russian history. They considered the role and the place of the service class people in anti-government revolts. Some scientists stressed the effect of official state policy on the revolutionary mood of the people. Some reports paid attention to jurisdictions and activities of the general police in the 19th – early 20th century and those of the Provisional Government militia. Other reports analyzed the participation of persons of non-peasant origin in the revolutionary events. They studied the effect of the revolutionary events on the mood and behavior of local people and the ways of solving conflicts between the authorities and the society. Most numerous series of reports were devoted to social conflicts in the Russian village at the turn of the 20th century, studied forms and ways of peasants' struggle against the extortionate cost of the emancipation, and offered a periodization of peasants' uprisings. The researchers stressed that peasants remained politically unmotivated; analysis of their relations with authorities shows that they were predominantly conservative and not prone to incitement to against monarchy. Some questions of source studies and methodology of studying the revolution and the preceding period were raised. Most researches used interdisciplinary methods, popular in modern humanities and historical science.

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