scholarly journals Using fuzzy logic for evaluating the level of countries’ (regions’) economic development

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordan Stojic

There are several divisions of countries and regions in the world. Besides geo-political divisions, there also are economic divisions. The most common economic division is the that on developed countries and the poor ones. These divisions are a consequence of the level of: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, industrial growth, and so on. The question is how to define a mathematical model based on which the following will be assessed: who is rich and who is poor, or who is economically developed and who is not? How the boundaries of transition from one category to another can be defined? This paper presents a model for evaluating the level of economic development of countries and regions using "fuzzy" logic. The model was tested on a sample of 19 EU member countries and aspirants for membership.

Author(s):  
Zhiheng Chen ◽  
Yuting Ma ◽  
Junyi Hua ◽  
Yuanhong Wang ◽  
Hongpeng Guo

Both economic development level and environmental factors have significant impacts on life expectancy at birth (LE). This paper takes LE as the research object and selects nine economic and environmental indicators with various impacts on LE. Based on a dataset of economic and environmental indicators of 20 countries from 2004 to 2016, our research uses the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to evaluate the correlation coefficients between the indicators, and we use multiple regression models to measure the impact of each indicator on LE. Based on the results from models and calculations, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the influencing mechanisms of different indicators on LE in both developed and developing countries, with conclusions as follow: (1) GDP per capita and the percentage of forest area to land area have a positive impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP and fertilizer consumption have a negative impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a positive impact on LE in developing countries. Gini coefficient and average annual exposure to PM2.5 have no significant effect on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Current healthcare expenditures per capita have a negative impact on LE in developed countries, and there is no significant impact on LE in developing countries. (2) The urbanization rate has a significant positive impact on LE in both developed countries and developing countries. Carbon dioxide emissions have a negative impact on LE in both developed and developing countries. (3) In developed countries, GDP per capita has the greatest positive impact on LE, while fertilizer consumption has the greatest negative impact on LE. In developing countries, the urbanization rate has the greatest positive impact on LE, while the Gini coefficient has the greatest negative impact on LE. To improve and prolong LE, it is suggested that countries should prioritize increasing GDP per capita and urbanization level. At the same time, countries should also work on reducing the Gini coefficient and formulating appropriate healthcare and education policies. On the other hand, countries should balance between economic development and environmental protection, putting the emphasis more on environmental protection, reducing environmental pollution, and improving the environment’s ability of self-purification.


Author(s):  
VikniswariVija Kumaran ◽  
Yew Yao Xi ◽  
Fan Sui Feng ◽  
Ho Xiao Jin ◽  
MakKah Weng ◽  
...  

Recently, there has been a rise in interest on measuring the efficiency and performances of international airports around the world by researchers. As there are more airlines in the industry competing with one another, airports as well started to compete with each other in order to become hub airports which provoke them to increase their efficiency. The principal objective of this research is to investigate and measure the efficiency of airports from the view of panel data analysis. We have applies a two-stage analysis methodology to determine the factors that could possibly sway the technical efficiency level by using ten different airports from year 2007 to 2016 in the Oceania continent countries. Model 2 shows that GDP per capita and Airport Hub significantly interact with Workload Unit (HUBXWLU) and towards the technical efficiency. In a nutshell, airport efficiency is important to many aspects of the society especially businesses that depends on better connectivity, airport operators that depends on passenger volume and governments that depends on economic development all of which are tools to building a more prosperous nation.


2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 373-397
Author(s):  
Masanori Ono

This paper classifies 175 countries over a period of just 30 years according to the balance of payments stages that are frequently used in proposing a hypothesis that the stage depends on the progression in a nation’s development. Using a nonparametric estimation, this investigation demonstrates that a nation’s stage in the balance of payments has a non-monotonic relationship with its economic development and that a country at the stage of immature creditor–lender enjoys a higher GDP per capita than at any other stage in its development. Another notable finding is that a lending country produces about twice the GDP per capita that a borrowing one does and that about 25% of countries in the world lend money to the rest of the world in nearly every year.


2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Víctor L. Urquidi

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de las proyecciones de la población de los países que en 2003 contaban con más de 10 millones de habitantes, adscritos en tres grupos de países según niveles del PIB per cápita en 2001: países desarrollados, países en transición y países en vías de desarrollo. En el caso de estos últimos, se forman dos subgrupos: los de nivel medio y los de nivel bajo. Se hace referencia a algunos  volúmenes de población y al comportamiento de la tasa de crecimiento de la población, de la fecundidad y de la migración. En cuanto a los países en vías de desarrollo, el énfasis se pone, además de los volúmenes poblacionales, en las heterogeneidades en los niveles de la fecundidad, migración y mortalidad. Con base en este recuento, se duda que se cumplan las metas sobre la estabilización de la población hacia el 2050 o 2060 y se llama la atención acerca de la necesidad de vincular las esferas demográficas con las económicas, sociales y financieras. AbstractThis paper presents the results of the population forecasts for countries that in 2003 had over 10 million inhabitants, divided into three groups according to GDP per capita levels in 2001: developed countries, countries in transition and developing countries. The latter includes two sub-groups: those of the medium and low level. Reference is made to certain volumes of population and the behavior of the population growth rate, fertility and migration. In developing countries, emphasis is placed on population volumes and the heterogeneity of fertility, migration and mortality levels. On the basis of this review, the author doubts that the goals for stabilizing the population between 2050 and 2060 will be met and stresses the need to link demographic spheres to the economic, social and financial spheres.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (07) ◽  
pp. 1876-1882
Author(s):  
Nodem Meli Clement ◽  
Marie Louise Simone Nyonkwe Ngo Ndjem ◽  
Douanla Meli Steve

This article analyses the situation of road safety in Cameroon and its relationship with the country's level of economic development. The approach of Kuznets (1955) is applied to road accidents in Cameroon over a period from 1977 to 2016. The article identifies a Kuznets relationship for road accidents. The results of the analysis show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between road accidents and GDP per capita in Cameroon. The results of the analysis show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between road accidents and GDP per capita in Cameroon. Precisely the improvement of living conditions has first of all a negative impact on road safety up to a certain point called the inflection point which corresponds to a growth rate of GDP per capita between 7 and 8%, from this point on the improvement of living conditions positively influences road safety. Keywords: road insecurity, economic development, Kuznets curve, economic development, Cameroon


Author(s):  
Ellen Huan-Niemi ◽  
Leena Kerkelä

The ongoing trade negotiations, unilateral trade concessions and obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) are pushing the EU sugar regime to undertake reforms. These reforms will alter the positions of developing countries in the global sugar markets. Gradual changes within the tariff rate quotas in the EU sugar regime would have a very marginal impact on the flow of sugar exports to the EU and world sugar markets as well. The simulation results showed that the scheduled changes in tariff rate quotas and transition period are stalling the impacts of tariff liberalisation granted by the Everything But Arms (EBA) concession. Small concessions will not threaten the EU internal market, but total liberalisation of sugar imports from the least developed countries (LDCs) will be a major threat to the EU sugar regime. Conversely, the EU would gain from the liberalisation scenarios in welfare terms due to cheaper imports of sugar. The current regime limits sugar imports from all developing countries or some efficient producers, if the cost data is a right estimate of the potential supply response from developing countries. The supply responses, which strongly affect the outcomes, are dependent on both the nature of substitution for sugar as well as on the efficiency of sugar production in different countries. The LDCs would be the major winners under the EBA concession supported by the unchanged EU sugar regime, but if the current regime is entirely liberalised, much of the gains are diluted due to the deterioration in the terms of trade and a few efficient sugar producers would be the winners. The multi-region and multi-sector general equilibrium framework (GTAP model) is used for this analysis.The full liberalisation of the EU sugar regime and the abolition of the preferential treatment in the EU sugar regime would change the position of the countries as winners or losers. The assumptions on the production and export possibilities of the sugar producing countries and the homogenous nature of sugar would create more losers than winners. For some of the losers, the loss of sugar exports could seriously damage their fragile economy. Therefore, the abolition or loss of preferential treatment is an important issue and hotly debated around the world.Trade preferences have the potential of helping developing countries to promote self-sustained economic development and can substitute transfers in the form of direct financial assistance from developed countries to poor developing countries. The EU has maintained this development perspective by granting preferential access to the highly protected and subsidised EU sugar market with prices significantly above the world market prices. In the short run, any sudden changes in the EU regime and trade policies may cause severe problems for the poor currently employed in the export-oriented sugar industry of the developing countries. Compensation is needed for these affected people because of the adjustment costs due to the changes in trade policies. In the long run, the sustainable export performance and economic development based on the comparative advantage of the developing countries should be the final objective. Though, the livelihood of the poor must be protected against sudden changes in trade policies in the effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.


Author(s):  
Peter Krasnopyorov ◽  

The article is analyzing the models of state regulation of the economy of Indonesia throughout the Asian financial economic crisis of 1997-98 and the World economic crisis of 2008-09 and the effects on the national economy of Indonesia. The statistics of economic development (GDP and GDP per capita and other social and economic indicators) of Indonesia are analyzed and several graphs and tables have been created for the scientific research purposes. According to the research data, it has been proved that Indonesia has been constantly improving its major economic indicators (like GDP per capita, especially in comparison to the world average level) showing 5-7% rate of economic growth, only with the exception of the period of the Asian financialeconomic crisis of 1997-98, when the country’s economy was hit hard by the crisis. Throughout the article the comparative analysis of successes and failures of different models of state regulation during the economic crises of 1997-98 and 2008-09 is given. The article provides a comparative table of the model for the management of the economy in Indonesia throughout the two crises periods. The experience of Indonesia indicates that the correct and responsible, effective macroeconomic policy of the government during the world economic crises has very important meaning for the national economy of the respective country. The experience of Indonesia in successful overcome and avoiding of the international crisis of 2008-09 – is interesting and useful for the governments, committees and ministries of economic development, as well as for economists in Ukraine and other countries of the world. Unfortunately, all the economic reforms that have been implemented in Ukraine over the last 30 years have not produced the desired result. In Ukraine, in contrast to Indonesia, no high levels of economic growth were observed during the recent 30 years. In the process of 1990s economic reforms in Ukraine, there was a sharp decline in production and a great portion of the working-age population was forced to leave the country in search of better-paid jobs abroad. On the other hand, through sound economic policies, Indonesia has been able to make significant strides in creating a modern, powerful economy throughout the recent 30-40 years. At the moment the GDP of Indonesia is the 7th largest in the world (behind Germany and Russia and before Brazil).


2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Bogdański

Socio-economic potential of Polish cities - a regional dimension The main aim of the research presented in this paper was to construct and evaluate a synthetic index of socio-economic potential of Polish cities (IoEp) at the level of voivodships and also to examine relations between this potential and the economic development of regions. The index reflects the level of localisation advantages offered by a city. That is why an assumption was made that there is a positive relationship between the level of socio-economic potential of cities in a region (measured by the IoEP index) and its level of economic development. The obtained results show that there are significant and stable differences in the level of economic potential of Polish cities. One can also observe that the higher the level of IoEP was, the higher the value of regional GDP per capita. That gives some basis to positively verify the research hypothesis.


2018 ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk

This concluding chapter discusses how most countries around the world have experienced significant increases in per capita income and improvements in human development during the last two centuries. For instance, GDP per capita in the area within Turkey's current borders has increased approximately fifteenfold since 1820. While Turkey did slightly better than the averages for the developing countries, the gap with developed countries widened significantly. The most basic reason for this pattern was the relatively rapid industrialization in Western Europe and North America, while Turkey as well as other developing countries stayed mostly with agriculture. The most important proximate cause of the large divergence in per capita incomes between Western Europe and much of the rest of the world was the very different rates of adoption of the new technologies of the Industrial Revolution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Mohan Saini ◽  
Denisa Hrušecká

Logistics is an important sector that determines a country’s economic strategy while attaining higher impetus in terms of globalization and competitiveness. Infrastructure along with trade friendly government policies are the key important parameters for a competitive logistics sector. One such method to evaluate competency is the logistics performance index (LPI) by the World Bank. This index evaluates the logistics performance of the economies of the world and rank them on the basis of six parameters (customs, infrastructure, timeliness, tracking & tracing, logistics competence and international shipments). This research study illustrates the impact of logistics costs (LC) and logistics competency parameters (LPI) on the economic development. The fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methodology is applied to identify the causal configuration relations for higher values of economic development (GDP per capita). Eight major economies across Asia (China, India, Japan, Singapore), Europe (Germany, France), the UK and the USA have been studied for the analysis. The Czech Republic and Slovenia are also included to the list of countries to have a perspective of mid-sized economies. These mid-size economies are landlocked countries (Czech Republic) and a smaller port sector (Slovenia) for logistics. The results indicate two configurations of LPI and LC that lead to higher values of GDP per capita. The major contribution to the existing literature is in identifying the influence of LPI index parameters along with LC on the economic development. The associated results illustrate that logistics competence, infrastructure and tracking & tracing of LPI index are identified as the core parameters, resulting in the higher values of GDP per capita. The results offer various insights into future area of research for evaluating new parameters such a LC to be inducted in LPI for evaluating logistics performance.


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