On the independence of Henkin's axioms for fragments of the propositional calculus

1951 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Maurice L'abbé
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Calculus ◽  
General System ◽  
Function Symbol ◽  
The Other ◽  
Axiom Schema ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Truth Function ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Made In

A general system of axioms has been given by Henkin for a fragment of the propositional calculus having as primitive symbols, in addition to the usual parentheses, variables, and implication sign ⊃, an arbitrarily given truth function symbol ϕ. This system of axioms, which we shall denote by S(⊃, ϕ), contains the following three axiom schemataplus the 2m further axiom schemata involving the symbol ϕwhere ϕ is an m-placed function symbol. We refer to Henkin's paper, p. 43, for the detailed description of the axiom schemata (4).The remark was made in the above mentioned paper that each of the 2m axiom schemata of (4) is trivially independent of the rest of the axioms of S(⊃, ϕ), and it was conjectured that the axiom schemata (1), (2) and (3) are also independent. In this note, we prove the general independence of the axiom schemata (1) and (2). As for (3), we show on the one hand its independence in the systems S(⊃) and S(⊃, f), and, on the other hand, its dependence in the system S(⊃, ∼). The net result is, therefore, that in any of these systems of axioms S(⊃, ϕ) all the axiom schemata are independent, except possibly the axiom schema (3).

On functional Nörlund methods

1970 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Integral Transformations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Nörlund Means ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position

Integral transformations analogous to the Nörlund means have been introduced and investigated by Kuttner, Knopp and Vanderburg(6), (5), (4). It is known that with any regular Nörlund mean (N, p) there is associated a functionregular for |z| < 1, and if we have two Nörlund means (N, p) and (N, r), where (N, pr is regular, while the function is regular for |z| ≤ 1 and different) from zero at z = 1, then q(z) = r(z)p(z) belongs to a regular Nörlund mean (N, q). Concerning Nörlund means Peyerimhoff(7) and Miesner (3) have recently obtained the relation between the convergence fields of the Nörlund means (N, p) and (N, r) on the one hand and the convergence field of the Nörlund mean (N, q) on the other hand.

Dziedzictwo dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w języku pierwszego polskiego przekładu poematu „Metai” Kristijonasa Donelaitisa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mędelska
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Journalism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

The author analysed the language of the first Polish translation of the eighteenth-century poem “Metai” [The Seasons] by Kristijonas Donelaitis, a Lithuanian Lutheran pastor. The translation was made in 1933 by a socialist activist and close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Kazimierz Pietkiewicz. The analysis showed that the language of the translation is peculiar. On the one hand, this peculiarity consists in refraining from archaizing the translation and the use of elements that are close to the translator’s style of social-political journalism (e.g., dorobkiewicz [vulgarian], feministka [feminist]), on the other hand, the presence at all levels of language of peculiarities characteristic for Kresy Polish language in both its territorial variations. These are generally old features of common Polish, the retention of which in the eastern areas of the Polish Rzeczpospolita was supported by the influence of substrate languages, later also Russian, or by borrowing. This layer was natural in the language of the translator, born in Ukraine, who spent part of his life in Vilnius, some in exile in Russia. This is the colourful linguistic heritage of the former Republic of Poland.

The Letter of Recommendation as Strange Work

PMLA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 954-962
Author(s):  
Margaret Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Free Lunch ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Gift ◽  
English Major ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Gift Certificate ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Made In

On the one hand, the gift presents itself as a radical Other of the commodity—and therefore also of work, insofar as the latter is understood as an investment of time and energy made in the expectation of wages or profit. On the other hand, the idea of the gift seems constantly to be drawn back under the horizon of rational exchange, and to be thus endlessly re-revealed as a secret ally of both work and the Work.—Scott Cutler Shershow, The Work and the GiftI have put together all these details to convince you that this recommendation of mine is something out of the common.Quae ego omnia collegi, ut intellegeres non vulgarem esse commendationem hanc meam.—Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares, book 13LAST FALL I FOUND IN MY OFFICE MAILBOX AN ENVELOPE FROM A SOPHOMORE ENGLISH MAJOR WHO HAD ASKED ME DURING THE SUMMER for a last-minute letter of recommendation for a scholarship competition. The envelope contained a handwritten thank-you note—and a gift certificate for a local restaurant. I e-mailed the student to thank her and to tell her that I couldn't accept the gift certificate since the letter I had written for her was part of my job as a teacher. She insisted; I insisted. She said that several teachers had turned her down before I agreed (from a hotel in Germany) to write for her. I felt rueful, as well as grateful to her for the token of gratitude that I couldn't accept. Eventually she won the debate: I accepted the printed piece of paper and took my daughters out to a free lunch.

Configuration of Quadrivalent Atoms

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-221
Author(s):  
T. M. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Tetrahedral Configuration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metallic Atom ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Function Change ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Octahedral Configuration ◽  
As If

Two alternative views have been expressed in regard to the configuration of quadrivalent atoms. On the one hand le Bel and van't Hoff assigned to quadrivalent carbon a tetrahedral configuration, which has since been confirmed by the X-ray analysis of the diamond. On the other hand, Werner in 1893 adopted an octahedral configuration for radicals of the type MA6, e.g. inand then suggested that “the molecules [MA4]X2 are incomplete molecules [MA6]X2. The radicals [MA4] result from the octahedrally-conceived radicals [MA6] by loss of two groups A, but with no function-change of the acid residue…. They behave as if the bivalent metallic atom in the centre of the octahedron could no longer bind all six of the groups A and lost two of them leaving behind the fragment [MA4]” (p. 303).

Note on a problem of Porte

1968 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Calculus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Characteristic Matrix ◽  
Finite Characteristic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Image Position

Porte (1), p. 117, conjectures that the positive implicational propositional calculus has no finite characteristic matrix. The proof of this conjecture is a straightforward modification of Gödel's proof (2) that the intuitionistic propositional calculus has no finite characteristic matrix (see e.g. Church(3), ex. 26.12). Writing (A ∨ B) for ((A ⊃ B) ⊃ B) and Xij for (pj ⊃ pi) (i, j = 1,2,…), we define, for n > l, the formulawhere the terms associate to the left. Since provable formulae take the value n for all systems of values of the variables in the matrix {1,…,n} where x ⊃ y is n when x ≤ y and y otherwise, whereas Gn takes the value n − 1 for the system of values pi = i (i = 1,…,n), it follows that Gn is not provable. On the other hand, since A ⊢ A ∨ B and B ⊢ A ∨ B, it is easily seen that is provable whenever r ≠ s (r, s = 1,…,n). The result follows from these two remarks.

Locative Complements of Verbs of Movement in Czech

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 87-113
Author(s):  
Marta Ungermanová
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Made In

This paper describes the syntactic properties of three types of locative complements in Czech that are compatible with verbs of movement. The distinction between these complements (each with its own interpretation) is made in the first place on the basis of several formal criteria (in particular, involving the rich Czech morphology), and, in addition, on semantic criteria. It is examined whether there exists sufficient correspondence between these criteria, and in particular, to what extent they can satisfactorily classify locative complements into essential and circumstantial ones. It is shown that there is no clear-cut distinction between these two categories of locative complements with Czech movement verbs. Furthermore, the syntactic role of the locative complements is shown to depend mainly on the verb, but also on other elements of the sentence. Finally, on the basis of several examples, it is argued that, on the one hand, the form of the complement does not predict its syntactic role and interpretation and, on the other hand, that two different forms can share the same syntactic role and interpretation.

Ideophones’ challenges for typological linguistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis B. Nuckolls
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Structural Patterns ◽  
Action Event ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Verbs Of Motion ◽  
Amazonian Ecuador ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

Typological studies of motion verbs have struggled to conceptualize a framework that would adequately account for languages which make use of ideophoness for expressing manner of motion. This paper examines ideophones in the Pastaza Quichua dialect of Amazonian Ecuador, with a special focus on the structural patterns observable in two categories of Quichua verbs of motion: verbs of motion by limited translocation and verbs of motion by nonlimited translocation. These two types of verbs and their ideophones manifest 5 major patterns of verb/ideophone interaction, which may be schematized with a gradient scale of possibilities. On the one hand, verbs and their ideophones may come together and coalesce into a unity of meaning, a meaning that is, in fact, lexicalized in one verb form by other languages. On the other hand, verbs and their ideophones may be more inclined toward a ‘separatist semantics’, in which each entity expresses a conceptually distinctive action, event, or process. These patterns problematize several assumptions made in typological studies.

Theophany

Portrait ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Nancy
Keyword(s):  
Image Of God ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
Made In

In its weaving of Judeo-Greek themes, Christianity introduced a revolution into the mimesis of the human face and from there into mimesis in general. If man is made in the image of God, on the one hand, and if, on the other hand, God becomes man—that is, if God makes himself into his own image but within the mortal condition defined through its sin—then the image of man can oscillate between divine value and the value of human fallenness....

Reading Other People’s Letters in the 1970s: Reconstructing Soviet Spectatorship in Il’i͡a Averbakh’s Other People’s Letters (1975)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-37
Author(s):  
Olga Klimova
Keyword(s):  
Power Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Soviet Cinema ◽  
Taboo Topics ◽  
Film Reviews ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

This paper studies audiences’ responses, published in the Soviet press of the 1970s, to Il’i͡a Averbakh’s 1975 film Other People’s Letters. Averbakh’s film was made in the context of a stiffening ideological situation in the country, on the one hand, and the commercialization of Soviet cinema, on the other hand. Young and adult viewers reacted to the film differently and recreated their own messages, in accordance to their position in the power structure. As it is evident from the analysis of film reviews and letters to the editors, regarding Other People’s Letters, the prevailing spectatorial position during the Brezhnev years was “negotiating,” thus continuing the tradition of the Thaw culture. It allowed Soviet viewers to discuss some unconventional questions, while still limiting their ability to openly talk about some other taboo topics. The negotiating position was challenged and manipulated by viewers who were associated with authoritative, official discourse.

scholarly journals Voluntarios deportivos versus profesionales remunerados: dificultades y conflictos del desempeño de la acción voluntaria en la organización de acontecimientos deportivos (Sport volunteers versus remunerated professionals: difficulties and conflicts of

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Pérez Pérez ◽  
María Elena García Montes
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Voluntary Service ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Service Groups ◽  
Made In

Detectar los inconvenientes que puede encontrar una persona para formar parte de un grupo de voluntariado deportivo es el objetivo planteado, discriminando y contrastando, para ello, entre las opiniones del propio voluntariado deportivo y las del personal profesional remunerado que ha coordinado a grupos de voluntariado. La investigación se ha desarrollado, por un lado, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario autoadministrado al total de población (251) asistente a los «Cursos de formación para Voluntarios Deportivos de Andalucía», realizados en las diferentes provincias andaluzas en el año 2002, y, por otro lado, a través de otro cuestionario para los profesionales remunerados que trabajan con voluntariado, utilizando un muestreo no aleatorio opinático, a un total de 50 sujetos. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto la mayor percepción de inconvenientes por parte del personal profesional remunerado, que el propio voluntariado deportivo, sobre las implicaciones de la labor a desarrollar por estos últimos. El voluntariado destaca sobretodo el compromiso temporal que esto supone, mientras que los profesionales hacen mayor insistencia en los aspectos relacionados con la propia organización.Abstract:: To detect the disadvantages that can find a person to be member of a group of sport voluntary is the raised objective, discriminating and contrasting, for it, between the opinions of the own sport voluntary service and those of the remunerated professional personnel who has coordinated voluntary service groups. The investigation has been developed, on the one hand, by means of the application of a self-administrated questionnaire to the total of population (251) attending to the «Courses of formation for Sport Volunteers in Andalusia», made in the different andalusian provinces in 2002, and, on the other hand, through another questionnaire for the remunerated professionals who work with voluntary service, using a non-random sampling opinático, to a total of 50 subjects. The results have shown the greater perception of disadvantages on part of the remunerated professional personnel, who the own sport voluntary service, on the implications of the work to develop at these last ones. The voluntary service emphasizes coverall the temporary commitment that this supposes, whereas the professionals make greater insistence in the aspects related to the own organization.

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