scholarly journals Nursery Production Method Affects Root Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Root Spread

Abstract This study compared growth and biomass distribution on two commonly grown trees produced in plastic containers with those in fabric containers and in the field. Shoot: root ratio on field-grown and fabric container-grown laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia Michx.) was higher than on holly (Ilex × attenuata Ashe. ‘East Palatka’). Ratios were similar for trees grown in plastic containers. Compared to oaks, a larger portion of holly root balls was comprised of small diameter roots. Root spread of field-grown laurel oak was similar to those produced in fabric containers. Trees of both species growing in plastic containers had several times more fine root mass (roots 2 mm or less diameter) within the root ball than those dug from the field or fabric containers. Total root ball root weight in plastic containers was less than in field-and fabric container grown trees. Root weight inside the root balls for field-grown and fabric container-grown trees was similar but field-grown root balls were twice the volume. Only 17% (field) and 26% (fabric containers) of holly root weight within the root ball was from roots 10 mm or less in diameter. However, 48% percent of root weight on trees grown in plastic containers was in this diameter class. Between 68 and 84%, depending on species and production method, of total-tree root weight was inside the root ball. Between 10% and 18.1%, depending on species and production method, of roots 2 mm or less in diameter was inside the root ball.

scholarly journals Copper Hydroxide Affects Root Distribution of Ilex cassine in Plastic Containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
E.F. Gilman ◽  
R.J. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Plastic Containers

The root : shoot ratio for Ilex cassine L. grown 7 months in copper-treated containers was less than in nontreated containers. There was less dry weight for roots <5 mm in diameter in copper-treated containers than in nontreated containers in the outer 1 cm of the rootball. Dry weight of roots >5 mm in diameter within the rootball were not affected by copper hydroxide treatment. Coating the interior of a plastic container with cupric hydroxide eliminated coarse roots (> 5 mm in diameter) and significantly reduced fine root weight from the outer 1 cm of the rootball. Fine roots inside the rootball did not replace fine roots lacking in the outer 1 cm.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA PRIOR TO TRANSPLANTING ON RATE OF ESTABLISHMENT IN THE LANDSCAPE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 569c-569
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Total Tree

Roots of four-year-old, field-grown southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) were pruned in 1987 once during dormancy, following the first shoot growth flush or after the second growth flush, prior to transplanting in January 1988. By the end of the 1987 growing season, root pruning at all stages of growth reduced leaf number, tree height, trunk caliper, and total-tree leaf area and weight compared with unpruned controls. Total root weight was less for trees pruned during dormancy or following the first growth flush. Root pruning increased the proportion of fine roots (0 to 5mm-diameter class) to coarse roots (>5 to 10-mm diameter class). Shoot:root ratios were not affected by root pruning. During the first year after transplanting, root pruned trees grew at a slightly faster rate than unpruned trees but growth rates were similar for root pruned and unpruned trees the second and third year after transplanting. Trees required, at most, 1 year per inch of trunk caliper to become established in the landscape.

Impact of tephra deposition on growth in conifers: the year of the eruption

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hinckley ◽  
Hiromi Imoto ◽  
Katharine Lee ◽  
Susan Lacker ◽  
Yasushi Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Root Mortality ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Mount St Helens

Seven sites ranging from 15 to 135 km from Mount St. Helens were selected to study the impact of air-fall tephra on the growth of Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, A. procera Rehd., Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. As tephra depth increased, there was a corresponding increase in visible foliar damage and associated decreases in diameter and height growth. Reduction in diameter growth was greater than reduction in height growth. The reduction in diameter growth approached 50% in both trees and saplings of A. amabilis. Growth reduction in true firs was greater than in associated species. This difference was related to their greater capacity for interception and retention of air-fall tephra. Damage to trees, and resulting growth reductions, were due to tephra coverage of both the foliage and the soil. Coverage of the foliage resulted in foliar damage, foliage abscission and reduction of total tree foliar area, and increased fine root mortality. Tephra coverage of the soil had the potential to restrict oxygen diffusion into the soil. However, soil oxygen concentrations less than 10% were measured only once over a 2-year period.

Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelby Fite ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Elden LeBrun
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Production Method ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
System A ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

Fine root biomass distribution and coupling to soil physicochemical properties under different restored vegetation types

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
吕渡 LÜ Du ◽  
杨亚辉 YANG Yahui ◽  
赵文慧 ZHAO Wenhui ◽  
雷斯越 LEI Siyue ◽  
张晓萍 ZHANG Xiaoping
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Biomass Distribution

scholarly journals Root Pruning but not Irrigation in the Nursery Affects Live Oak Root Balls and Digging Survival

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Survival Trees ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Irrigation placement and irrigation volume during field production of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in a sandy soil had no effect on trunk caliper [mean = 6.3 cm (2.5 in)] or tree height [mean = 3.8 m (12.4 ft)]. Root pruning had no impact on caliper and a slight (P &lt; 0.06) impact on height. Irrigation placement and volume had little effect on number of cut roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with a hand spade or in combination with root-pruning fabric placed under the liner at planting increased the number of roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with fabric in combination with spade pruning increased the small-diameter (&lt;5 mm) root weight: shoot ratio but reduced the total root weight: shoot ratio. Irrigation placement and volume during production did not affect summer nor winter digging survival. Trees that were not root pruned had poorer survival in the summer and winter digging seasons than those receiving either of the root-pruned treatments. In contrast, summer and winter survival was similar for root-pruned trees indicating that live oak can be dug in summer as well as the more traditional winter period as long as trees are root pruned during production. Trees pruned with fabric placed under the liner at planting in combination with spade pruning survived better than traditional spade root pruned trees.

scholarly journals Production Techniques for Highrise™ and Seedling Live Oak

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Production Techniques

Abstract Cutting propagated Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ Highrise™ PP #11219 and seedling live oak required the same amount of time to prune to a dominant leader in the nursery. Highrise™ live oaks were more uniform in caliper, height and root ball characteristics than the seedling crop. Finished seedling trees had larger caliper than cutting propagated Highrise™ but height was similar. Root pruning horizontal roots alone or in combination with placing root pruning fabric under the liner at planting reduced dry weight of roots in the root ball by reducing large-diameter root weight and increasing small-diameter root weight. Trees produced by both methods of root pruning survived the digging process better than non root-pruned trees in the summer digging season. Seedlings had more root weight in the root ball and a higher root: shoot ratio than Highrise™ live oak. But Highrise™ had a 45% greater small diameter root: shoot ratio than seedling live oak, and more Highrise™ survived the digging process than seedlings. Highrise™ may not need root pruning during production if dug in the dormant season.

scholarly journals Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Abstract Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots &lt; 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

scholarly journals Growth Dynamics following Planting of Cultivars of Juniperus chinensis

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Juniperus Chinensis ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana', and `Hetzii') 1, 2, and 3 years after planting from 1l-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system expanded quadratically, whereas mean branch spread increased linearly. Three years after planting, root spread was 2.75 times branch spread, and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant for each cultivar during the 3 years following planting. Root length density increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. During the first 2 years after planting, shoot mass increased faster than root mass. In the 3rd year, the root system increased in mass at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight. Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk cross-sectional area, branch spread, and crown area.

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