Włoska Partia Socjalistyczna i opozycja zza „żelaznej kurtyny”: przypadek Polski w kontekście relacji Craxi–Solidarność

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (325) ◽  
pp. 5-53
Author(s):  
Enrico Landoni
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
Practical Realization ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Secretary

The election of Bettino Craxi as PSI general secretary marked, from 1976, a very important turning point in thehistory of Italian socialism. His dynamic and charismatic leadership in fact contributed to a profound revisionof its ideological seeds, the so-called scientific Marxism, and above all to the recovery of the humanitarianand libertarian suggestions of pre-Marxist socialism. This led to the clear and definitive condemnation of theMarxist-Leninist model, which had found its practical realization in the Soviet system and in the countriesbeyond the Curtain, and prompted PSI to support the anti-communist dissidence and to establish strongrelations with the Polish opposition and above all with Solidarność. Craxi, both in the role of PSI generalsecretary and as Italian prime minister, was able to provide it with a great political-diplomatic support and alot of concrete help. Up to now, the history of these relations has not yet been adequately studied and thispaper therefore aims to fill the gap.

The Foreign Policy Mechanism of the Union Of South Africa and the Development of its Diplomatic Relations (1910–1948)

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Alexandra Arkhangelskaya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Economic Evolution ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
History Of

The history of the formation of South Africa as a single state is closely intertwined with events of international scale, which have accordingly influenced the definition and development of the main characteristics of the foreign policy of the emerging state. The Anglo-Boer wars and a number of other political and economic events led to the creation of the Union of South Africa under the protectorate of the British Empire in 1910. The political and economic evolution of the Union of South Africa has some specific features arising from specific historical conditions. The colonization of South Africa took place primarily due to the relocation of Dutch and English people who were mainly engaged in business activities (trade, mining, agriculture, etc.). Connected by many economic and financial threads with the elite of the countries from which the settlers left, the local elite began to develop production in the region at an accelerated pace. South Africa’s favorable climate and natural resources have made it a hub for foreign and local capital throughout the African continent. The geostrategic position is of particular importance for foreign policy in South Africa, which in many ways predetermined a great interest and was one of the fundamental factors of international involvement in the development of the region. The role of Jan Smuts, who served as Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 to 1924 and from 1939 to 1948, was particularly prominent in the implementation of the foreign and domestic policy of the Union of South Africa in the focus period of this study. The main purpose of this article is to study the process of forming the mechanisms of the foreign policy of the Union of South Africa and the development of its diplomatic network in the period from 1910 to 1948.

The Debate on the Loyal Sacrifices, A.D. 66

1960 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Cecil Roth
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of

A turning-point in the history of Judaea in the first century was the rejection, some time in the summer of 66, of the daily sacrifice that had been offered for many years past in honor of the Emperor; this was tantamount to the repudiation of allegiance to Rome, and thus marked the beginning of the Great Revolt. The Talmud (T. B. Giṭṭin 56a) has a legendary account of this episode, which it associates with a quarrel between two citizens of Jerusalem bearing the improbable names of Kamṣa and Bar Kamṣa, the latter ultimately figuring in the rôle of agent provocateur and informer. Possibly, the name conceals in garbled form some personality of the period known to us from other sources, but thus far it has been impossible to identify him.

Indonesian women and political Islam

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Radical Islam ◽  
Islamic Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Politically Active

AbstractThis article investigates the history of women's relationship to political Islam in Indonesia over the last century. It addresses three questions: how Islamic women have been politically active in Indonesia, how Indonesian women have been affected by political Islam, and how they have influenced political Islam. Independence marked a turning point. In the colonial period, women were more active within radical Islamic organisations than in moderate ones. Since independence, however, the situation has changed. Instead, the role of women has strengthened in moderate organisations while radical Islam has kept women in the background.

IV. The Disintegration of the Kartell and the Politics of Bismarck's Fall from Power, 1887–90

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. G. Röhl
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
German History ◽  
Standard Work ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
German Reich ◽  
First World

Ever since the First World War, but especially during the Weimar period, Bismarck's dismissal has exercised a strong attraction on German historians, and has probably received more attention than any other event in the history of the Second Reich. In the troubled post-war years, 20 March 1890 seemed to stand out prominently as the fateful turning point of Germany's history. Wilhelm Schvissler, the first to exploit the unprecedented wealth of evidence available in consequence of the monarchy's collapse, did not hesitate to claim that ‘even at that time [1890] the downfall (Untergang) of the German Reich was written in the stars’. ‘Who would doubt’, he asked, ‘that our misfortune began there…and led to the catastrophe of the Imperial Monarchy and the German Reich—exactly 20 years after his [Bismarck's] death!’ This highly emotional approach to the subject was fully shared by Wilhelm Mommsen, whose standard work on the role of the political parties in the crisis appeared in 1924. Bismarck's fall, he wrote, ‘appears to us today as a turning point of German history, and it is only with deep feeling that we can recall the events of March 1890’. It is perhaps partly for this reason that these early writers tended to misinterpret the nature of Bismarck's relations with the parties in the crucial months before his fall. There was, for one thing, an inclination to idealize the bygone age in which ‘the State’ was thought to have stood incorruptibly ‘above the parties’, and as a result the party struggles of 1889 and 1890 were relegated to a self-contained compartment whence, it was held, they were able to influence the course of events only in the negative sense of providing no obstacle to the chancellor's dismissal. The influential work of Hans Rothfels probably typified this attitude, but even Mommsen warned his readers that his study of the parties could throw at best an oblique light on the crisis ‘since the parties had no direct and at any rate no significant effect on the course of those events’. According to Hans Herzfeld's summary of the present state of knowledge on the subject, this view is still widely accepted today.

scholarly journals THE 1951 DIPLOMATIC GIFT: THE ROLE OF A GERMAN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HANUKKAH LAMP IN ISRAELI-AMERICAN RELATIONS

ARTis ON ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Shir Kochavi
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Gift ◽  
History Of

A diplomatic gift in the form of a Hanukkah Lamp, given to President Harry Truman by the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion in 1951 was selected for this occasion by museum personnel from the Bezalel Museum in Jerusalem and the Jewish Museum in New York. Based on primary sources found in archives in Israel and in the United States, this case study investigates the process of objects exchange between two museums, orchestrated on the basis of an existing collegial relationship, and illustrates how the Hanukkah Lamp becomes more than itself and signifies both the history of the Jewish people and the mutual obligations between the two nations. Drawing on the theories of Marcel Mauss, Arjun Appadurai, and Igor Kopytoff on the notion of the gift, the article highlights the layers of meanings attributed to a gifted object.

scholarly journals Ordination of Women to the Ministry of Word and Sacraments: A turning point in the history of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntobeko Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Methodist Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Ordination Of Women

In 2016, the Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA) celebrated 40 years since the first woman was ordained to the ministry of Word and Sacraments (1976–2016). The MCSA Conference of 1976 ordained the first woman to the ministry of Word and Sacraments, a verdict that was long overdue. This became a turning point in the history of the MCSA. This document seeks to highlight the role of women in the MCSA prior to and after the 1976 Conference resolution. Included herein are key controversies, statements and events in the ministry of women within the MCSA.

scholarly journals CREATING TARAS SHEVCHENKO’S CULT ON THE TERRITORY OFTHE SUMY REGION DURING THE PERIOD OF THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION (1917-1921)

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-57
Author(s):  
V. O. Artiukh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Symbolic Action ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

Within the article, an attempt is made to trace the process of creating quasi-religious Taras Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the Sumy region at the turning point of history for the Ukrainian nation - national liberation struggle during 1917-1921. The fact is admitted that within Taras Shevchenko’s cult the ways of the reality mythical perception manifest distinctly. Its main methods of functioning are identified: celebrating holidays and holding demonstrations, erecting the monuments, naming natural and cultural objects after the Kobzar, using his image in book publishing. Shevchenko’s holiday phenomenon is reconstructed on the example of celebrations in the towns of Sumy and Konotop, also in the villages of Perekopivka and Vedmezhe (Romny county). The point is stressed that erecting the monuments (busts) to Shevchenko and performing sacred rituals of worshipping nearby constitute a symbolic action of forming the sense of collective unity of Ukrainians. As an example, the history of creating the monument to the Kobzar in the town of Romny and the bust in the township of Voronizh is considered. The attention is paid to the precedents of naming after Shevchenko numerous new points of the cultural landscape during the period of reconstructing the symbolic space at the time of the Revolution on the territory of the Sumy region. Specific examples in the sphere of toponymy are cited. The role of “Prosvita” fellowship centres is emphasized. They played the part of either organizers or participants of the majority of commemorative practices for honoring the figure of Shevchenko. Some facts of establishing the book publishing by “Prosvita” fellowship centers in the Sumy region are given. The Kobzar’s figure and creative heritage were often popularized by means of those books and brochures (Konotop, Okhtyrka, and Pidlypne). The specificities of Shevchenko’s image interpretation within the Bolshevik ideology are covered in the article. Unlike Ukrainians, who paid more attention to the national character of Shevchenko’s creative heritage, the Bolsheviks underscored its class and revolutionary features. The absence of antagonistic differences and the presence of numerous points of agreement in Kobzar’s image interpretation by “nationalists” and communists should also be emphasized. The conclusion is drawn about the importance of Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the present-day Sumy region for spreading Ukrainian national and Socialist ideologies in broad masses’ consciousness. Keywords: Taras Shevchenko, cult, the Sumy region, national identity

The use of exclusionary language to manipulate opinion

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Clyne
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Boat People ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lexical Items

This article explores the role of language used by the Australian prime minister and other politicians in swaying Australian public opinion against ‘boat people’, focusing especially on particular lexical items. The article contextualizes the representation and treatment of asylum seekers and the language used to do this, both generally in the contemporary period and in the history of Australia as a British outpost in the Pacific. It relates this to other issues expressed linguistically concerning national identity.

Local Legitimacy and Tax Policy: Qaids as Part of a Composite State in Colonial Tunisia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Antoine Perrier
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Composite State ◽  
Fiscal Reforms ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The colonial history of Tunisia has long been dictated by colonial sources that made the qaid (an official in charge of fiscal attributions), from the viewpoint of the capital city, a local notable and often a prevaricator. This study proposes to reconsider the relationship between government and regional power in the colonial context by drawing on the recent work of Ottoman studies about provincial elites. The article studies the fiscal reforms of the interwar period in a cereal-growing region of Tunisia, relying on sources in Arabic produced by the qaids, namely the administrative correspondence between local authorities, the prime minister, and colonial controllers. This article describes the role of qaids in the negotiation between national law and local specificities and finally highlights the role of decentralization and a local way of thinking about the state in the 1930s. It contributes to colonial history and the history of taxation by highlighting the territorial fractures in North Africa and the agency of local actors under the protectorate.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN PAKISTAN: CASE OF NAB

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Syed Salahuddin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Short Article ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Making

The purpose of this write up is not to analyze the objectives and the features of the NAB Ordinance. This is also not a critical study of the functions and performances of the National Accountability Bureau. The purpose of this short article is to evaluate the performance of the incumbent Chairman Mr. Qamar Zaman Chaudhry through the critical eyes of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. When General Pervaiz Musharraf seized power in October 1999 after over throwing the civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, one of the first tasks that he undertook was to promulgate National Accountability Bureau Ordinance. For its intent and purpose the NAB ordinance was a remarkable piece of legislation in the law making history of Pakistan. NAB is an autonomous apex body to root out corruption from body polity of Pakistan

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