Development and destruction of the liberal prison system in Spain: a general framework for studying the topic

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Luis Gargallo Vaamonde
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

During the Restoration and the Second Republic, up until the outbreak of the Civil War, the prison system that was developed in Spain had a markedly liberal character. This system had begun to acquire robustness and institutional credibility from the first dec- ade of the 20th Century onwards, reaching a peak in the early years of the government of the Second Republic. This process resulted in the establishment of a penitentiary sys- tem based on the widespread and predominant values of liberalism. That liberal belief system espoused the defence of social harmony, property and the individual, and penal practices were constructed on the basis of those principles. Subsequently, the Civil War and the accompanying militarist culture altered the prison system, transforming it into an instrument at the service of the conflict, thereby wiping out the liberal agenda that had been nurtured since the mid-19th Century.

The Nixon Doctrine and the Yusin Reforms: American Foreign Policy, the Vietnam War, and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Korea, 1968–1973

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
Tae Yang Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Reconstruction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

AbstractPark Chung Hee presided over the Republic of Korea (ROK) longer than any other leader (1961–1979) and he remains the individual most responsible for defining the country's formative features. Having witnessed the worst excesses of Park's later years, many of the early scholars of Korean politics have characterized the whole of Park's long rule as a monolithic dictatorship. One of these pioneering scholars, Sungjoo Han, locates the moment of “the failure of Korean democracy” in 16 May 1961, the very day that Park and his co-conspirators seized control from Prime Minister Chang Myn through a military coup d'état. However, like the man himself, Park's career was complex and highly adaptive. Many historians now distinguish Park's rule into three distinct periods: the first and most tenuous years (1961–63) when he directed the government through a military junta, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction; the middle years (1963–72) of elected presidential rule, referred to as the “Third Republic”; and the final years (1972–79) of dictatorial rule under the Yusin system, the “Fourth Republic.” In his early years, Park had begrudgingly adhered to a minimally democratic framework before finally turning to formal authoritarianism as the American war in Vietnam came to an end.

PRIORITIES OF SPAIN'S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE SECOND REPUBLIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Natalia Anikeeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Government

The article analyzes the priorities of Spanish foreign policy during the Second Republic. It was proclaimed in Spain after the municipal elections. Then King Alphonse XIII was forced to leave the country and announced that he did not give up his rights to the Spanish throne. As for the priorities of foreign policy during the Second Republic, the author states that Spain at that time showed a lack of interest in international problems, as was the case under the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbanehi. On October 14, 1931, the head of the government, Manuel Azaña y Díaz, after the resignation of the Provisional Government of Niceto Alcala Zamora, emphasized that “foreign policy is inherited from regime to regime”. During this period, the European direction became the main one in foreign policy. The fundamental interests of the Spanish state revolved around the classical "axis" of the Mediterranean, Great Britain, France, Italy. In the period from the end of 1935. and until the summer of 1936. the priority of domestic political problems over foreign ones was observed. Since the acuteness of internal tension associated with the Spanish Civil War has made adjustments to the principles proclaimed by the governments of the Second Republic.

scholarly journals La justicia de la II República española en guerra. Una aproximación historiográfica

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Enrique Roldán Cañizares
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
General Point ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pais Vasco

Resumen: El golpe de Estado militar y el consecuente esta­llido de la guerra civil supusieron el colapso de las estructuras estatales de la II República. Como no podía ser de otro modo, la administración de jus­ticia también se vio afectada por dicho colapso, y tras un periodo de tiempo en el que el Gobierno fue incapaz de tomar las riendas de la situación, un nuevo sistema judicial fue construyéndose poco a poco, cargado de una fuerte impronta popular. En cuanto a la historiografía relativa a la justicia de la República en guerra, podemos encontrar des­de obras generales como la de Ángel Viñas, que, a pesar de tratar la guerra en su conjunto, hacen re­ferencia a la administración de justicia, hasta obras específicas como la de Glicerio Sánchez o Raúl C. Cancio, que se encargan de hacer una recopilación detallada y minuciosa de toda la legislación relativa a los Tribunales Populares. Del mismo modo tam­bién es posible encontrar historiografía especiali­zada en los casos de Cataluña y País Vasco, que por motivos distintos, ocupan un lugar especial dentro de la II República en guerra.Palabras clave: II República, Guerra civil, Tribunales Populares, Justicia, Golpe de Estado, Historiografía.Abstract: The coup d’etat and the subsequent breakout of the Spanish Civil War meant the collapse of the Second Republic’s state structures. The judiciary was affected by the collapse too, and after a pe­riod during which the government was unable to enforce control, a new judicial system was slowly built, a system that was highly characterized by jury courts. Among the historiographical works on justice in the Second Republic in wartime, we can find general works like that of Ángel Viñas, who, besides studying the Spanish civil war from a general point of view, also focuses his work on the judiciary. We can also find specific works, with Glicerio Sánchez and Raúl C. Cancio being good examples. These offer detailed compilations of the laws on Popular Tribunals. Finally, there is historiography on Catalonia and the Basque Country, which, for a variety of reasons, has a special place within the context of the Second Re­public in wartime.Key words: II Republic, civil war, Jury courts, Justice, Coup d’etat, Historiography.

scholarly journals The Framework for the Prediction of the Critical Turning Period for Outbreak of COVID-19 Spread in China based on the iSEIR Model1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Xianzhi Yuan ◽  
Lan Di ◽  
Yudi Gu ◽  
Guoqi Qian ◽  
Xiaosong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Government Hospitals ◽  
Exemplary Lesson ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Industry Sectors

AbstractThe goal of this study is to establish a general framework for predicting the so-called critical “Turning Period” in an infectious disease epidemic such as the COVID-19 outbreak in China early this year. This framework enabled a timely prediction of the turning period when applied to Wuhan COVID-19 epidemic and informed the relevant authority for taking appropriate and timely actions to control the epidemic. It is expected to provide insightful information on turning period for the world’s current battle against the COVID-19 pandemic.The underlying mathematical model in our framework is the individual Susceptible-Exposed-Infective-Removed (iSEIR) model, which is a set of differential equations extending the classic SEIR model. We used the observed daily cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan from February 6 to 10, 2020 as the input to the iSEIR model and were able to generate the trajectory of COVID-19 cases dynamics for the following days at midnight of February 10 based on the updated model, from which we predicted that the turning period of CIVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan would arrive within one week after February 14. This prediction turned to be timely and accurate, providing adequate time for the government, hospitals, essential industry sectors and services to meet peak demands and to prepare aftermath planning.Our study also supports the observed effectiveness on flatting the epidemic curve by decisively imposing the “Lockdown and Isolation Control Program” in Wuhan since January 23, 2020. The Wuhan experience provides an exemplary lesson for the whole world to learn in combating COVID-19.

The historical development of Australia’s public utilities

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-48
Author(s):  
Malcolm Abbott ◽  
Bruce Cohen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

This chapter sets out the historical background to the utilities sector in Australia up until the 1980s. In doing so it provides an account of the predominant, government-owned model of utilities ownership that existed in Australia at that time. Australia’s utilities were created as government-owned enterprises in the 19th century (post, water, and rail) or in the early years of the 20th century (electricity, telecommunications, and airports). Material in this chapter traces these origins up until the immediate pre-reform years of the 1980s, and examines some of the weaknesses in the government-owned models that had arisen by this time.

The ‘army mutiny’ of 1924 and the assertion of civilian authority in independent Ireland

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (92) ◽  
pp. 354-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryann Gialanella Valiulis
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Constitutional Rule ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Civilian Authority ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Irish Politics

The early years of Irish independence were years of precedent-setting decisions that shaped and moulded the new state. In a country just emerging from a struggle for independence and a devastating civil war, the army was one of the most vital and central institutions; and the relationship between the military and the elected civilian government was crucial. In fact, at the end of the civil war, a strong possibility existed that, unless the government acted quickly to establish its control, the army could remain the dominant force in Irish politics for years to come. The response to the Irish army mutiny of 1924, however, upheld and affirmed the supremacy of constitutional rule in Ireland.

Johan Dahl Land, south Greenland: the end of a 20th century glacier expansion

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anker Weidick
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The West ◽  
Glacier System ◽  
Hydropower Potential ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Normal Trend ◽  
Inland Ice

ABSTRACTThe Qajuuttap Sermia glacier system north of Johan Dahl Land, on the southern slope of the Greenland ice sheet (the inland ice), has shown continuous advancing behaviour from approximately 1940 until approximately 2000. This contrasts with neighbouring sectors of the inland ice to the west and southeast, where the ice sheet has shown a more ‘normal’ trend of recession and thinning of the margin since about 1850–1890, and that has continued throughout the last half of the 20th century. The Qajuuttap Sermia glacier system has also attracted interest for its hydropower potential, and detailed investigations were carried out in 1977–1983. This article summarises the fluctuations of the Qajuuttap Sermia glacier system, and documents the demonstrable advance of the individual glaciers of the system from the early 1940s until the early years of the present millennium. The cause of the advance seems likely to be related to variations in precipitation over the southernmost parts of the inland ice, with the highlands north of Johan Dahl Land directly influencing the passage of low pressure systems moving both northwards along the west coast and northeastwards along the east coast of Greenland.

scholarly journals Hambre y pan duro. De los años de la autarquía a la gastronomía globalizada en ámbito español

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enric Bou
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual

This article addresses four different ways in which food speaks to us: a surrealist approach in Buñuel’s cinema, table manners as discussed by Larra, the shortage of food and hunger that was an obsessive and persistent reality during the Spanish civil war and post-war period of the 20th century, or the recent sophistication and cosmopolitanism of Spanish cuisine due to the transformation of the country by the presence of immigrants. This study focuses on highlighting the passage from a culture of survival during the civil war and the Franco regime to one of greater abundance and sophistication with the arrival of democracy. The current recognition of Spain as one of the gastronomic destinations in the world modifies part of a historical and cultural past, which includes the ethnic transformation experienced by Spanish society. From the perspective of food studies, one can examine the relationships of the individual with food, and analyse how this association produces a large amount of information about a society.

scholarly journals Una crisis dentro de la crisis : las pésimas relaciones entre los gobiernos republicano y de la Generalitat en 1939

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesc Vilanova i Vila-Abadal
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
The Government

En 1939, enmedio de la crisis general del final de la guerra civil, estalla una nueva crisis cuyos antecedentes deben encontrarse en los inicios del conflicto, el verano de 1936, y las anomalías constitucionales que se derivaron de aquellos. Los gobiernos de la República (presidido éste por el doctor Juan Negrín) y de la Generalitat (presidido por Lluís Companys) se enzarzaron en una agria polémica acerca de la administración de los fondos económicos del gobierno catalán y su aplicación a la ayuda a los refugiados catalanes. Más allá de estas discusiones, en el fondo de la crisis latían los desencuentros y la desconfianza entre el poder republicano español y un poder autonómico que quería conservar los espacios autonómicos conquistados a lo largo del verano y otoño de 1936.In 1939, in the middle of the general crisis of the final civil war in Spain, a new crisis explodes which has it origins in the early times of the conflict in summer of 1936, and the constitutional anomalies that it generated. The government of the Second Republic (presided by Dr. Juan Negrín) and the government of the catalán Generalitat (presided by Lluís Companys) were confronted about the administration of the catalán government's economic founds and their application to help catalán refugee.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

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