Creation of the source material of the table beet for breeding for split selection

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
М.А. Долгополова ◽  
Л.Н. Тимакова

Для повышения уровня механизации производства свеклы столовой важное значение имеет признак раздельноплодности, который позволяет исключить проведение прореживания растений в рядках. Создание раздельноплодных сортов и гибридов длительный и трудоемкий процесс, который осложняется не ясным до конца механизмом наследования этого признака. Цель исследований – создать раздельноплодный исходный материал свеклы столовой с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков. Исследования проводили в 2015–2020 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Изучение и описание линий столовой свеклы проводили согласно «Методическим указаниям ВИР по изучению и поддержанию в живом виде мировой коллекции корнеплодов». Полевые опыты закладывали на Центральной части Москворецкой поймы (Раменский район Московской области). Почва аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая, хорошо окультуренная, с мощным гумусовым горизонтом. Метеорологические условия 2015–2020 годов складывались благоприятно для формирования корнеплодов и созревания семян свеклы столовой, за исключением условий 2017 и 2018 годов, которые повлияли на сроки вегетации растений, но не помешали получить посевной и посадочный материал. В качестве исходного материала использовали 5 сортов отечественной и зарубежной селекции (Бордо односемянная, Модана, Моника, Фортуна и Хавская односемянная). Агротехнические мероприятия выполнены в соответствии с требованиями, принятыми для Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны РФ. Оценку поражения церкоспорозом проводили визуально по пятибалльной шкале Н.И. Салунской. Содержание сухого вещества в корнеплодах определяли термостатно-весовым методом; содержание сахаров в соке – рефрактометрическим методом; содержание бетанина – спектрофотометрическим методом. Уровень плодности семенных растений оценивали визуально во время бутонизации до начала цветения. Для проведения самоопыления использовали только растения с уровнем раздельноплодности 99 и 100%. Изолировали растения до начала цветения под индивидуальными изоляторами из нетканого материала спанбонд, плотностью 80 г/м². Выделено две линии из сорта Моника. Степень раздельноплодности у линии №1 составила 97%, у линии №4–90%. Эти линии характеризуются округлой формой корнеплода с темно-красной окраской мякоти. В корнеплодах содержится растворимых сахаров 6,6–6,3%, сухого вещества и бетанина – 11,2–12,8% и 133,3–130,8 мг/100 г соответственно. To increase the level of mechanization of the production of dining beet, the sign of separation is important, which allows to exclude the decimation of plants in rows. The creation of separate fruit varieties and hybrids is a long and time-consuming process, which is complicated by the mechanism of inheritance of this feature that is not fully clear. The purpose of the research is to create a separate source material of canteen beets with a complex of economically valuable features. Research was carried out in 2015–2020 in ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSCVG. The study and description of the dining lines of beets was carried out in accordance with the «Methodological Guidelines of the VIR for the study and living maintenance of the world collection of root crops». Field experiments were carried out on the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramensky district of Moscow region). The soil is alluvial, meadow, medium-grained, well-cultured, with a powerful humus horizon. Meteorological conditions of 2015–2020 developed favorably for the formation of root crops and the ripening of beet seeds in the dining room, with the exception of the conditions of 2017 and 2018, which affected the timing of plant vegetation, but did not prevent the production of sowing and planting material. As a starting material, 5 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding were used (Bordeaux single-seeded, Modana, Monica, Fortuna and Havskaya single-seeded). Agrotechnical measures were carried out in accordance with the requirements adopted for the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of RF. The cercosporosis assessment was evaluated visually on the five-point scale of N.I. Salunskaya. The content of dry matter in root crops was determined by thermostatic-weight method; sugar content in juice – by the refractometric method; betanine content – by the spectrophotometric method. The level of fertility of seed plants was assessed visually during butonization before flowering. To carry out self-pollination, only plants with a separation level of 99 and 100% were used. Plant insulation was carried out before flowering under individual insulators made of Spanbond nonwoven material with a density of 80 g/m². Two lines from the Monica variety were isolated. The degree of separation at line No1 was 97%, at line No4–90%. These lines are characterized by a rounded shape of the root fruit with a dark red color of the pulp. The root crops of soluble sugars contain 6.6–6.3%, dry matter and betanin – 11.2–12.8% and 133.3–130.8 mg/100 g accordingly.

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Леонид Шашкаров ◽  
Leonid Shashkarov ◽  
Иван Елисеев ◽  
Ivan Eliseev ◽  
Людмила Елисеева ◽  
...  

Investigations on light gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic were carried out to study the effectiveness of the use of horn-ungulated meal or keratin as a nitrogenous organic fertilizer and zeolite-containing trefoil as a sorbent-type soil improver. The use of horn-ungulted meal as a nitrogen fertilizer of organic origin helps to enhance the biological activity of the soil. Observations during the vegetation period revealed a more intense coloration of the leaf surface, as well as an increase in the area of the assimilative surface of fodder beet and potatoes. The results of the determination of quality indicators has revealed the possibility of obtaining environmentally friendly products, as there has been a decrease in the content of nitrates in root crops fodder beet and potato tubers, increased dry matter content and sugar content in root crops fodder beet and in the tubers of potato dry matter and starch.The conducted studies have revealed the possibility of replacing the mineral form of nitrogen fertilizer with a nitrogen fertilizer of organic origin - horn-ungulated meal (keratin), which is a waste of the livestock industry. The joint application of zeolite-containing fossil meal together with horn-ungulated meal and phosphoric-potassium mineral fertilizers positively affected the increase in the use of nutrients from them not only in the row crops in the year of application, but also in the subsequent barley culture, increasing its yield and economic efficiency.


2020 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Л.Н. Тимакова ◽  
В.А. Борисов ◽  
Н.А. Фильрозе ◽  
 О.Н. Успенская ◽  
Л.М. Соколова

Пищевая ценность свеклы столовой определяется высоким содержанием сахаров, своеобразным составом азотистых веществ. Эта культура – источник натурального красителя бетанина, который обладает антиканцерогенным, антибактериальным и противовирусным действием на организм человека. В статье представлены результаты изучения биохимических качеств корнеплодов свеклы столовой. Исследования проводились в период 2014–2019 годов на шести сортах свеклы столовой селекции Агрохолдинга «Поиск». За стандарт взяты широко распространенные образцы отечественной и голландской селекции Бордо 237 (ВНИИССОК) и F1 Пабло (Bejo), районированные во всех регионах РФ. Полевые опыты выполнены по единой методике на базе ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО в Раменском районе Московской области. Почва опытного участка относится к типу аллювиальных луговых, среднесуглинистая, насыщенная, влагоемкая. Погодные условия наиболее благоприятно для роста и развития растений свеклы столовой складывались в периоды вегетации 2014–2017 годов. Особенность погодных условий 2018–2019 годов – неравномерное выпадение осадков, что повлияло на время прорастания семян. Дефицит влаги в период вегетации компенсировали поливами методом дождевания, поддерживая НВ на уровне 80–85%. Наибольшее количество сухого вещества накапливает сорт Русская односемянная – 18,4%, что соответствует уровню стандарта Бордо 237. Высокое содержание сахаров свойственно сорту Креолка – 10,7%, и превосходит стандарты на 1,8%. Образцы, восприимчивые к заболеваниям листовой розетки во время вегетации культуры – Эфиопка и F1  Пабло накапливают меньше пигмента бетанина. Биохимические качества корнеплодов сорта Креолка больше сопряжены с его генотипом. Накопление нитратов у образцов крайне подвержено условиям года. Более чем в десять раз изменяется содержание нитратов в зависимости от года у сортов Славянка, Русская односемянная, Креолка и Бордо 237. Выход товарной продукции после шести месяцев хранения по изучаемым образцам колебался от 49,1 до 91,4%. Отличную сохранность на уровне стандартов – свыше 85% показал сорт Русская односемянная. The nutritional value of table beets is determined by a high content of sugars, a peculiar composition of nitrogenous substances. This culture is a source of the natural dye betanin, which has anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial and antiviral effects on the human body. The article presents the results of a study of biochemical qualities of root crops of table beet. Research was conducted in the period 2014–2019 on 6 varieties of beet of table selection of the Poisk Agrо Holding. Widespread samples of domestic and Dutch breeding Bordo 237 (FSCVG) and Pablo F1 (Bejo), zoned in all regions of the Russian Federation, were taken as a standard. Field experiments were performed according to a single methodology on the basis of ARRIVG – branch of FSCVG. The soil of the experimental site belongs to the type of alluvial meadow, medium-loamy, saturated, moisture-intensive. Weather conditions were most favorable for the growth and development of table beet plants during the growing season of 2014–2017. A feature of the weather conditions of 2018-2019 was uneven precipitation, which affected the time of germination of seeds. The lack of moisture during the growing season was compensated by irrigation by sprinkling, maintaining the HB at the level of 80–85%. The largest amount of dry matter accumulates Russian single-seeded variety – 18.4%, which corresponds to the level of the standard Bordeaux 237. High sugar content is characteristic of the Creole variety – 10.7%, and exceeds the standards by 1.8%. Samples that are susceptible to diseases of the leaf rosette during the growing season of the culture-Ethiopian and F1Pablo accumulate less of the pigment betanin. The biochemical qualities of Creole root crops are more associated with its genotype. The accumulation of nitrates in samples is highly susceptible to the conditions of the year. The nitrate content varies more than 10 times depending on the year in the varieties Slavyanka, Russian single-seeded, Creole and Bordo 237. The output of marketable products after 6 months of storage in the studied samples ranged from 49.1 to 91.4%. Excellent preservation at the level of standards – over 85% showed the Russian single-seeded variety.


2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gawęda ◽  
Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska

Quality of kohlrabi stems (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) kept in cold storage Two green kohlrabi cultivars, ‘White Delikates’ and ‘Korist’ F1, were kept in cold storage at a temperature of 2°C and a relative humidity of 95%. Natural mass losses were measured at monthly intervals and dry matter content, soluble sugars, L-ascorbic acid and isothiocyanates were analysed. During five months of storage, very low losses of kohlrabi mass were detected. The decrease in dry matter during that time was between 15 and 18%. After a brief increase, soluble sugar content decreased during storage, and in March, 50% of the initial sugar content was calculated for ‘Delikates’ kohlrabi flesh and 65% for ‘Korist’. L-ascorbic acid was well preserved in the kohlrabi, since 90% remained after storage was completed. The isothiocyanate content changed little and the vegetable remained a good source of these compounds throughout the storage period.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska ◽  
Józef Sowiński ◽  
Mirosław Anioł ◽  
Piotr Ochodzki ◽  
Roman Warzecha

In 2012–2014, at the Research and Didactic Station of the Department of Horticulture at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (51°19′06′′ N, 17°03′49′′ E), field studies were conducted to evaluate the responses of two sweet maize hybrids to sowing dates (early and optimum) and five methods of maize plant coverings—polyethylene film: perforated (PE), red (PER), green (PEG), polypropylene non-woven fabric (PP), and control (C), with non-irrigation systems. Total yield and morphological characteristics of cobs were compared. In 2012 soluble sugars and carotenoids content were measured. The use of maize cover at the beginning of growth (PE and PER) significantly influenced the number of rows, while PE and PEG increased the number of grains per cob. Covering maize sown at a later date, with polyethylene film and non-woven fabric, ensured better production effects than using such covers after earlier sowing. Signet F1 hybrid was charact0erized by significantly higher sugar content and Rustler F1 by higher lutein and zeaxanthin levels. The application of the optimum sowing date resulted in a significantly higher yield of cobs, by 11.3%, than after early sowing. The yield increase as a result of the applied covers was higher after sowing at a later date. The content of dry matter in grains was positively correlated with the content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The change in carotenoids content also depended on the accumulation of dry matter in the kernels. The study confirmed the correlation of sweet maize accumulated growing degree days (AGDD), and revealed dependence of grain quality on dry matter content in the grain.


2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Siwek ◽  
Andrzej Libik ◽  
Izabela Zawiska

Abstract Field experiments using ‘melt-blown’ biodegradable nonwovens were carried out on the ‘Melodion’ butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) cultivar for early harvest. All biodegradable nonwovens were manufactured in the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres and POLMATEX CENARO in Łódź, Poland. Lettuce seeds were sown into boxes in a greenhouse at the beginning of March, and transplants were planted into the field at the beginning of April. Biodegradable nonwovens - aromatic polyester IBWCH 75 g m-2, polybutylene succinate Bionolle 100 g m-2 and standard polypropylene PP Agro 20 g m-2 - were stretched over the lettuce in the field. The covers were kept on until 4-5 days before harvest. Plots without covers were defined as the control. Ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, dry matter, nitrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were recorded in the leaves. All biodegradable nonwovens showed a positive effect on yielding in comparison to the control in 2009. In the second year of the experiment, there were no significant differences between covers with regard to the yield. Dry matter and soluble sugar content in both years of the experiment was diversified. Nonwovens used as covers in 2009 significantly increased the content of nitrates in comparison to the control. In the second year, the highest level of nitrates was demonstrated in the control object. It is worth underlining that the maximum allowed limit of nitrate content in lettuce (4000 mg kg f.w.) was not exceed. The kind of cover had no significant effect on the level of chlorophyll a in 2009 or chlorophyll b and carotenoids in 2009 and 2010 in the lettuce


1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian N. Thorne ◽  
D. J. Watson

When the leaves of sugar-beet crops were sprayed on six occasions in late September and early October with 100 gal./acre of a 3% solution of ammonium nitrate or equivalent urea, in two experiments about 70% of the nitrogen was recovered in the plants in mid-October, compared with 40% recovered from applications of the same amounts of fertilizer to the soil at the same times. In a third experiment the recovery from similar sprayings with urea solution was less than 40%, but very little nitrogen was absorbed from soil dressings, so that the difference between the recoveries from spray and soil applications was nearly the same as in the other experiments.Nitrogen per cent of dry matter in all parts of the plant was increased by the sprays. More than half of the nitrogen absorbed from the sprays was in the leaf laminae, and the remainder was equally divided between petioles (including crowns) and roots. Between 20 and 30% of the nitrogen supplied in spray in the first two experiments was converted to protein in the leaf laminae, and half of this was present as soluble protein precipitable by trichloracetic acid, a fraction that is extracted in the largescale preparation of leaf protein.Spraying slightly increased the dry-matter yield of the tops, but not of the roots. It reduced the sugar content of the roots by about 1% of fresh weight. In one experiment it had no effect on sugar yield; in the others it caused losses of 2 and 5 cwt./acre.The recovery of nitrogen in the tops from a single low-volume spraying (12½ or 25 gal./acre) with nearly saturated urea solution was about the same as from repeated high-volume sprays supplying the same total amount of nitrogen, but in the roots it was higher from the single than from the repeated sprays.


Author(s):  
И.Л. Безгодова ◽  
Н.Ю. Коновалова

Цель исследований – изучить продуктивность и питательную ценность зерносмесей, сформированных на основе перспективных сортов зернобобовых культур. Исследования проводились в 2017–2019 гг. на опытном поле СЗНИИМЛПХ Вологодской области. Схема опыта включала 10 вариантов, в трёхкратной повторности. Исследования проводились в соответствии с методическими указаниями по проведению полевых опытов ВНИИ кормов. В среднем за годы исследований в первом укосе по урожайности сухой массы смесь горох + кормовые бобы + овёс (вар. 2) превысила контроль (горох с овсом) на 0,3 т/га, или на 6,0%. Остальные смеси были на уровне контроля. Во втором укосе урожайность смешанных посевов (вар. 7–10), включающих райграс однолетний и вику яровую, составила 1,22–1,39 т/га сухого вещества (СВ). По урожайности выделились смеси вариантов с 7-го по 10-й, включающие райграс и вику и обеспечивающие 2 укоса за сезон. Они превысили контроль на 0,85–1,48 т/га, или на 17,3–30,0%. Остальные смеси по урожайности были на уровне контроля. В среднем за сезон смеси обеспечили получение с 1 га: 0,39–0,64 т сырого и 0,20–0,39 т переваримого протеина, 45,3–58,6 ГДж обменной энергии и до 4,3 тыс. кормовых единиц. В среднем за годы исследований наибольшее содержание протеина в первом укосе (11,2 и 11,8% в 1 кг СВ) и повышенная концентрация обменной энергии (9,6 МДж) были получены в растительной массе следующих смесей: горох + вика + овёс (вар. 4) и вика + кормовые бобы + овёс (вар. 5). В состав этих смесей входила вика яровая сорта Ассорти. The goal of the research is to study the productivity and nutritional value of grain mixtures formed on the basis of promising varieties of leguminous crops. The researches were conducted in 2017–2019 on the experimental field of North-West Research Institute of Dairy and Grassland Farming of the Vologda region. The experimental design included 10 variants in three times repetition. The researches were conducted in accordance with the methodological guidelines for conducting field experiments of the All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Feed. On average over the years of research in the first growth in terms of dry matter yield, the mixture of peas + field beans + oats (variant 2) exceeded the control (peas with oats) by 0.3 t/ha or 6.0%. The rest of the mixtures were at the control level. In the aftergrass the yield of mixed sowing (variant 7–10) including annual ryegrass and spring vetch was 1.22–1.39 t/ha of dry matter (DM). According to the yield a mixture of variants from 7th to 10th stood out including ryegrass and vetch and providing 2 hay crops per season. They exceeded the control by 0.85–1.48 t/ha or 17.3–30.0%. The rest of the mixtures in terms of yield were at the control level. On average for the season the mixtures provided per hectare of 0.39–0.64 tons of raw and 0.20–0.39 tons of digestible protein, 45.3–58.6 GJ of metabolic energy and up to 4.3 thousand fodder units. On average over the years of research the highest protein content in the first growth (11.2 and 11.8% in 1 kg DM) and an increased concentration of metabolic energy (9.6 MJ) were obtained in the crop of the following mixtures: peas + vetch + oats (var. 4) and vetch + field beans + oats (var. 5). The composition of these mixtures included spring vetch of the Assorti variety.


Author(s):  
Y.G. Mikheev ◽  
I.A. Vanyushkina ◽  
V.I. Leunov

Представлены результаты изучения исходного материала столовой моркови и свеклы разного эколого-географического происхождения по устойчивости к патогенной флоре. Для условий Дальнего Востока созданы высокопродуктивные, устойчивые к патогенам сорта и гибриды столовых корнеплодов.The article presents the results of the study of the source material of table carrots and beets of different ecological and geographical origin for resistance to diseases. Geniuses for breeding of high-productive variety samples of root crops with rather high resistance to diseases in the conditions of the South of the Russian Far East are revealed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
M. L. Tyrus

Soil tillage and fertilization level are important in the system of agro-technical measures that increase soil fertility and sugar beets productivity. Today the cultivation of this crop requires a great deal of expense, therefore, there is a need for a wider study of the use of cheap soil cultivation, soil protection, energy-saving soil tillage technologies and appropriate ferti-lization levels. Under western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine conditions, investigations were conducted on dark grey podzolic light loamy soils where the influence of tillage models and fertilization levels on the formation of sugar beets root crops was studied. Shallow no-plow tillage of the soil on 14-16 cm is expedient to use as a main tillage under sugar beets. Under favorable weather and climatic conditions, it can provide yielding capacity at the level of deep fall plowing. The use of shallow no-plow tillage helped to increase the yielding capacity of sugar beet roots relative to plowing by 28-30 cm for 1.3 t / ha and the biological sugar output – for 0.2 t / ha. Then the sugar content was by 0.1% higher in the application of deep fall plowing on 28-30 cm. The optimization of the system of sugar beets fertilization allows ensuring the growth of the yielding capacity of root crops. It is established that the application of fertilizer norm N300P225K350 provides the yielding capacity at the level of 90 t / ha. The sugar content of root crops at the given fertilizer rate was the lowest in the experiment - 16.5 – 16.6%. Thanks to the high yielding capacity of root crops in terms of N300P225K350, the sugar harvesting was the highest and depending on the method of basic soil tillage was 14.95 – 14.79 t / ha. That is in 3.2 times more as to the control, in 1.3 times more than the norm of N180P135K210 and in 1.1 more than the fertilization level N240P180K280.


2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
A. S. Zeynalov

In the production of planting material, it is important to choose a healthy, highly productive source material, with typical varietal characteristics, and, if necessary, their disinfection), as well as reliable protection against dangerous pests at further stages of cultivation. This requires a scientifically based methodological approach and phytosanitary measures in several areas. First of all, it is required to study and classify in detail hazardous pests and pathogens, select methods for accounting and identifying in accordance with their degree of danger and the quality category of planting material. Apply comprehensive measures to prevent the entry of pests in the territory of growing planting material and timely eliminate the centers of potential threat.


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