Methodological foundations of plant protection from dangerous pests in nurseries of fruit and berry crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
A. S. Zeynalov

In the production of planting material, it is important to choose a healthy, highly productive source material, with typical varietal characteristics, and, if necessary, their disinfection), as well as reliable protection against dangerous pests at further stages of cultivation. This requires a scientifically based methodological approach and phytosanitary measures in several areas. First of all, it is required to study and classify in detail hazardous pests and pathogens, select methods for accounting and identifying in accordance with their degree of danger and the quality category of planting material. Apply comprehensive measures to prevent the entry of pests in the territory of growing planting material and timely eliminate the centers of potential threat.

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
N. Skrypnyk

Goal. To identify the main ways of getting into the country of invasive species brown marble bug Halyomorpha halys Stål. Methods. Analytical study of information messages to the European and Mediterranean organization of plant protection (of ESR) and data of phytosanitary services of the EU, literary and Internet resources. Results. Provides information on new economically important species Halyomorpha halys Stål., which is rapidly spreading in Europe. In Ukraine, the marble bug has the status of a quarantine, but there is a risk of further spread. His first appearance on the territory of our country has registered in 2018 Threat of invasive species, a polyphage, which causes significant damage to agricultural, forest and decorative cultures. Pest can cause damage to fruit, berry crops, vineyards, beans, soy, corn, and weeds. The list of host plants includes over 300 species of plants from 49 families, however, the preference for Halyomorpha halys gives the members of the family Rosacea. Danger of falling of the pest in Ukraine of the European countries of planting material, plant products, wood packaging materials, Luggage etc. The absence of natural enemies promotes the active dispersal of the pest. The focus should be directed on the study of natural brown marble bug. The rapid spread of Halyomorpha halys in the EU countries is of great concern to scientists. The experience of foreign scientists shows that effectively regulates its abundance parasitoid Trissolcus japonicas (Ashmead) and entomoparasitic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Conclusions. There is an active resettlement of the pest in Europe. There is a risk of introduction and spread of the species Halyomorpha halys Stål, is a threat to the country.


2021 ◽  

Abstract This volume compiles and updates information on invasive plant-parasitic nematodes and their looming threat in different countries. It offers a global perspective on invasive nematodes by presenting 17 chapters with information on more than 100 nematodes and their potential threat in different countries. Each nematode entry includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode(s) and its vector, if any; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization. The aim of the book is to provide basic and advanced knowledge on invasive nematodes with a global perspective, and it targets practitioners, professionals, scientists, researchers, students and government officials working on plant quarantine and biosecurity with regard to plant-parasitic nematodes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
М.А. Долгополова ◽  
Л.Н. Тимакова

Для повышения уровня механизации производства свеклы столовой важное значение имеет признак раздельноплодности, который позволяет исключить проведение прореживания растений в рядках. Создание раздельноплодных сортов и гибридов длительный и трудоемкий процесс, который осложняется не ясным до конца механизмом наследования этого признака. Цель исследований – создать раздельноплодный исходный материал свеклы столовой с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков. Исследования проводили в 2015–2020 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Изучение и описание линий столовой свеклы проводили согласно «Методическим указаниям ВИР по изучению и поддержанию в живом виде мировой коллекции корнеплодов». Полевые опыты закладывали на Центральной части Москворецкой поймы (Раменский район Московской области). Почва аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая, хорошо окультуренная, с мощным гумусовым горизонтом. Метеорологические условия 2015–2020 годов складывались благоприятно для формирования корнеплодов и созревания семян свеклы столовой, за исключением условий 2017 и 2018 годов, которые повлияли на сроки вегетации растений, но не помешали получить посевной и посадочный материал. В качестве исходного материала использовали 5 сортов отечественной и зарубежной селекции (Бордо односемянная, Модана, Моника, Фортуна и Хавская односемянная). Агротехнические мероприятия выполнены в соответствии с требованиями, принятыми для Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны РФ. Оценку поражения церкоспорозом проводили визуально по пятибалльной шкале Н.И. Салунской. Содержание сухого вещества в корнеплодах определяли термостатно-весовым методом; содержание сахаров в соке – рефрактометрическим методом; содержание бетанина – спектрофотометрическим методом. Уровень плодности семенных растений оценивали визуально во время бутонизации до начала цветения. Для проведения самоопыления использовали только растения с уровнем раздельноплодности 99 и 100%. Изолировали растения до начала цветения под индивидуальными изоляторами из нетканого материала спанбонд, плотностью 80 г/м². Выделено две линии из сорта Моника. Степень раздельноплодности у линии №1 составила 97%, у линии №4–90%. Эти линии характеризуются округлой формой корнеплода с темно-красной окраской мякоти. В корнеплодах содержится растворимых сахаров 6,6–6,3%, сухого вещества и бетанина – 11,2–12,8% и 133,3–130,8 мг/100 г соответственно. To increase the level of mechanization of the production of dining beet, the sign of separation is important, which allows to exclude the decimation of plants in rows. The creation of separate fruit varieties and hybrids is a long and time-consuming process, which is complicated by the mechanism of inheritance of this feature that is not fully clear. The purpose of the research is to create a separate source material of canteen beets with a complex of economically valuable features. Research was carried out in 2015–2020 in ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSCVG. The study and description of the dining lines of beets was carried out in accordance with the «Methodological Guidelines of the VIR for the study and living maintenance of the world collection of root crops». Field experiments were carried out on the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramensky district of Moscow region). The soil is alluvial, meadow, medium-grained, well-cultured, with a powerful humus horizon. Meteorological conditions of 2015–2020 developed favorably for the formation of root crops and the ripening of beet seeds in the dining room, with the exception of the conditions of 2017 and 2018, which affected the timing of plant vegetation, but did not prevent the production of sowing and planting material. As a starting material, 5 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding were used (Bordeaux single-seeded, Modana, Monica, Fortuna and Havskaya single-seeded). Agrotechnical measures were carried out in accordance with the requirements adopted for the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of RF. The cercosporosis assessment was evaluated visually on the five-point scale of N.I. Salunskaya. The content of dry matter in root crops was determined by thermostatic-weight method; sugar content in juice – by the refractometric method; betanine content – by the spectrophotometric method. The level of fertility of seed plants was assessed visually during butonization before flowering. To carry out self-pollination, only plants with a separation level of 99 and 100% were used. Plant insulation was carried out before flowering under individual insulators made of Spanbond nonwoven material with a density of 80 g/m². Two lines from the Monica variety were isolated. The degree of separation at line No1 was 97%, at line No4–90%. These lines are characterized by a rounded shape of the root fruit with a dark red color of the pulp. The root crops of soluble sugars contain 6.6–6.3%, dry matter and betanin – 11.2–12.8% and 133.3–130.8 mg/100 g accordingly.


2021 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
Mujeebur Rahman Khan

Abstract This chapter includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization, of the species of the invasive plant-parasitic sheath nematode Hemicycliophora.


2021 ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
Mujeebur Rahman Khan

Abstract Criconemoides is an obligate root ectoparasite and feeds on root tips or anywhere along the root. This chapter includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization of the Criconemoides with Criconemella, Mesoscriconema and Macroposthonia as synonyms.


Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Fabienne Grousset ◽  
Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽  
Hervé Jactel ◽  
Andrea Battisti ◽  
Anita Benko Beloglavec ◽  
...  

Many bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are known to have spread worldwide in relation to international trade. Concerns have been expressed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) about recent introductions of non-indigenous species of these groups. Regulation of the non-coniferous wood trade into many EPPO member countries is currently not sufficient to cover such risks. In 2018–2019, an EPPO study on the risk of bark and ambrosia beetles associated with imported non-coniferous wood was carried out, and the key characteristics contributing to the pest risk from introduced species were determined using expert consensus. This paper summarizes the key findings of the study, which are available in full detail on the EPPO website. The study identified biological and other risk factors and illustrated them with examples from 26 beetle species or groups of species known to be invasive or posing a threat to plant health. These representative species were classified into three categories based on known damage and level of uncertainty. In the present article, factorial discriminant analyses were used to identify features of bark and ambrosia beetle biology associated with damage caused and invasiveness. Based on the information assembled and consideration of the risk factors, it was recommended that in order to prevent the introduction of new bark and ambrosia beetles via non-coniferous wood commodities, horizontal phytosanitary measures should be adopted, irrespective of the host plant species and the origin (i.e., for all genera of non-coniferous woody plants and from all origins). Phytosanitary measures are presented here for various wood commodities.


Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Wei ◽  
Y. J. Zhang ◽  
G. F. Li ◽  
J. Ma ◽  
M. Li

Hosta (Hosta spp.) plants showing leaf deformation, puckering, and ink-bleed symptoms were collected in July 2012 from a park at Dongcheng district, Beijing, China. Three out of six samples tested positive for Hosta virus X (HVX) by immunostrip and double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with HVX-specific serological reagents from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN, USA). Filamentous viral particles were trapped and observed from the infected hosta leaf sap by immuno-serological electron microscopy (ISEM) (antibodies from Agdia). To confirm HVX infection, three ELISA-positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR assay, using virus-specific primers HVXf (5′-ATCCGTTATCTACAGGGGACCAG-3′) and HVXr (5′-TAAGTTAGTGGAACGGTTAGCCCGAT-3′) that amplified a 1,067-bp fragment including the coat protein (CP) coding region. The CP nucleotide sequence comparisons showed 99% to 100% homology among the three isolates named HVXBJ4, HVXBJ5, and HVXBJ6 (GenBank Accession No. JX535292, JX535293, and JX535294) and with the HVX sequences previously reported in GenBank. HVX has been reported from the United States, Korea, the Netherlands, Poland, France, the Czech Republic, and New Zealand (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of HVX infecting hosta plants in China. As an ornamental and medicinal plant, hosta has been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years. The presence of HVX in Beijing is a potential threat to the landscape in the city. HVX can be spread by vegetative propagation material or mechanical contact (3). Hence, to cultivate HVX-free hosta and restrict the movement of HVX-infected hosta is vitally important in the future. HVX has become economically important in the world more recently. Globalization of trade in hosta plants has increased the risk of movement of HVX. The national plant protection organization should establish effective quarantine strategy and the growers take proper planting measures to avoid further spreading of this virus. References: (1) S. Currier et al. Plant Dis. 80:1040, 1996. (2) M. H. Park et al. Arch. Virol. 148:2039, 2003. (3) K. H. Ryu et al. Acta Hortic. 722:91, 2006.


Author(s):  
А.Р. Мухаметшина ◽  
Г.А. Петрова ◽  
Х.Г. Мусин ◽  
И.К. Сингатуллин ◽  
Н.Ф. Гибадуллин

Успешность применения средств защиты растений во многом зависит от обеспеченности их элементами питания. Одним из эффективных способов является использование некорневой обработки различными препаратами, которая восполняет дефицит питательных веществ именно в критические фазы роста и развития растений. Кроме этого, препараты данной группы способствуют многократному снижению норм расхода дорогостоящих удобрений. Объектом полевого исследования являются посевы лиственницы сибирской в естественном очаге поражения шютте (возбудитель – гриб Meria Laricis Vuill.). Первые признаки болезни проявляются на двухлетних сеянцах в конце мая – начале июня. В 2019 году на территории питомника учебно-опытного Пригородного лесхоза Республики Татарстан было проведено изучение влияния фунгицидов и некорневой подкормки на сеянцы лиственницы сибирской. Опыты были заложены в посевах второго года выращивания. Обработку сеянцев фунгицидами «Ракурс, СК», «Азорро, КС» и некорневой обработки препаратами «Эмистим, Р», «Агростимул», «Интермаг» проводили двукратно в течение вегетационного периода – в первой и второй половине июля. Положительный эффект от опрыскивания двухлетних сеянцев наблюдался уже после первой обработки. Наилучший результат был выявлен в варианте с применением стимулятора роста «Эмистим, Р» на фоне фунгицида «Азорро, КС». По состоянию на 27 июня распространенность шютте в этом варианте опыта составила 18,0%, что значительно ниже (на 13,0%) значений контрольного варианта (47,0%). В целом распространенность шютте в контрольном варианте без обработки фунгицидами варьирует в пределах 37,0–47,0%. Самый высокий процент здоровых сеянцев обеспечили варианты с некорневой обработкой различными препаратами на фоне опрыскивания фунгицидами – от 90,0 до 97,0%. The success of the application of plant protection products in many respects depends on the availability of their nutrients. One of the most effective methods is the use of non-root treatment with various drugs, which makes up for the lack of nutrients in critical phases of plant growth and development. In addition, the expediency of their use is determined by a multiple reduction in the consumption rates of expensive fertilizers. The object of the field study is crops of Siberian larch in the natural lesion of Schutte (the pathogen is the fungus Meria Laricis Vuill.). The first signs of the disease appear on two-year-old seedlings in late may or early June. In 2019, the study of the effect of fungicides and non-root feeding on Siberian larch seedlings was carried out on the territory of the nursery of the educational and experimental suburban forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan. The experiments were laid in the crops of the second year of cultivation. Treatment of seedlings with fungicides «Rakurs, SK», «Zorex» and non-root treatment with the drug «Emistim, P», «Agrostimul», «Intermag» was performed twice during the growing season – in the first and second half of July. The positive effect of spraying two-year-old seedlings was observed after the first treatment. The best result was found in the application of growth stimulator «Emistim» against the background of the fungicide «azorro, CS». As of June 27, the prevalence of «Schutte» in this variant of the experiment was 18.0%, which is significantly lower (by 13,0%) than the values of the control variant (47.0%). In General, the prevalence of Schutte in the control version without treatment with fungicides varies between 37.0-47.0%. The highest percentage of healthy seedlings was provided by options with non-root treatment with various drugs on the background of spraying with fungicides-from 90.0 to 97.0%.


Author(s):  
F Petter ◽  
A Orlinski ◽  
M Suffert ◽  
A S Roy ◽  
M Ward

Abstract One of the main aims of EPPO is to help its member countries to prevent entry or spread of dangerous pests (plant quarantine). The Organization has therefore been given the task of identifying pests which may present a risk (early warning/horizon scanning), evaluating their risk for the region and making proposals on the phytosanitary measures which can be taken against them (Pest Risk Analysis). Standards are also developed, including standards on how to eradicate and control pests. In addition to the development of Standards, activities on communication and citizen science (development of guidelines on raising public awareness and the production of toolkits to use in raising awareness campaigns) have also recently been started. The EPPO Secretariat was alerted by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Sweden in 2003, and Norway in 2010, to two potential new pests, Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) and Bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Gory) respectively. Because of the importance of these two pests for forest species in the EPPO region, member countries agreed that EPPO recommendations should be prepared. The different EPPO activities relevant to A. planipennis and A. anxius are presented, highlighting the challenges they currently pose to the region.


2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 681-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Nikolaevich Zontikov ◽  
Svetlana Zontikova ◽  
Roman Sergeev ◽  
Alex Shurgin ◽  
M. Sirotina

The stages of getting the planting material for laying plantations of the triploid aspen (Populustremula L.) are illustrated in this work. The source material selected from the genetic fund “The gigantic aspens” is characterized. The peculiarities of using the method of clonal micropropagation when getting the planting material, the usage of a rootstock as a source of donor explants for the introduction into the culture in vitro, the influence of a kind of nutrient media and growth regulators NAA and BAP on the growth and the development of microsprouts. The distinctions in the speed of the growth of the culture in vitro of diploid and triploid clones have been analyzed. The adaptation of the plants-regenerants to the soil-conditions.


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