scholarly journals Value of Time Savings as a Factor in Deciding on Route Choice

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Miloš Poliak ◽  
◽  
Štefánia Semanová ◽  
Lenka Komačková ◽  
Michaela Mrníková
Keyword(s):  
Route Choice ◽  
Value Of Time ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Definition Of

The paper deals with the definition of time savings as a factor in deciding on route choice of a carrier whether to use toll road network. The first part of the paper describes a history of road infrastructure charging in the EU Member States and the USA. Next part analyses the factors affecting decision-making process of a carrier when considering which road infrastructure to use – toll or non-tolled roads. The paper also identifies the value of time savings as a significant factor in route choice.

The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb J Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Source Materials

AbstractThis article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.

scholarly journals Definitions of Evaluation Use and Misuse, Evaluation Influence, and Factors Affecting Use

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin C. Alkin ◽  
Jean A. King
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Use ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Evaluation Influence ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

The second article in this series on the history of evaluation use has three sections. The first and longest develops a functional definition of the term use, noting that a thorough definition of evaluation use includes the initial stimulus (i.e., evaluation findings or process), the user, the way people use the information, the aspect of the program considered, and the purpose. It then defines evaluation use’s unethical companion, misuse, detailing the distinction between the two. The second section briefly discusses a broadened concept of evaluation impact that expands to include evaluation influence. Finally, the third section summarizes the factors that research has shown to be related to evaluation use.

scholarly journals Women’s movement in the United States today

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Julia Zadvornova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scale Network ◽  
American Society ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses the content and the history of modern women’s movement in the USA. The review of the American sociological literature was conducted to make a definition of the term “women’s movement”. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main periods in the development of the women’s movement that are referred to by the American researchers as waves. The review of the history of the women’s movement identified and characterized three waves of the women’s movement in the Unites States based on their goals, scale of activity, methods and results of the struggle for the gender equity in the American society. The author analyzed the large-scale network of American women’s organizations and formulated their typology based on their goals and functions. The article outlines the perspectives of the American modern women’s movement further development.

scholarly journals The Unmanned Passenger Aerial Vehicles with Electric Propulsion in Ukraine – Perspectives of Employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (514) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Y. V. Bielashov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The article explores the issue of institutional provision for the employment of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion (urban electric aerial vehicles) in Ukraine. The use of such vehicles is considered a promising direction in the development of urban air transport, able to unload traffic bottlenecks of the transport system in megacities. Among the main factors that favorably distinguish urban electric aerial vehicles from traditional air transport are: safety, economic efficiency, quietness, environmental friendliness and low requirements for related infrastructure. Preparations for large-scale use of urban electric aerial vehicles are currently being carried out in Germany, the USA, South Korea and the city of Dubai. The analysis of the advantages and possibilities of using urban electric aerial vehicles is provided; the history of development and the current status of this transport type is carried out. Despite the fact that the first samples of urban electric aerial vehicles are only being tested, there is already a significant competition in this market. Among the main developers of this class of aircraft one can single out the companies EHang (PRC) and Lilium GmbH (Germany). The article reviewes legislative requirements for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles with electric propulsion in certain countries of the world. Borrowing this experience can be useful for Ukraine due to the lack of terminological definition of such a class of vehicle in the natonal legislation; uncertainty of the conditions of their operation and safety measures; lacunas in the existing classification of unmanned aerial vehicles, which does not provide for the existence of programmable aerial vehicle, the control of which does not require a special control station located outside the vehicle, or vehicles that carry out programmable flight. In order to eliminate existing lacunas in Ukrainian legislation, measures have been developed, the implementation of which will allow the use of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion and will contribute to the further development of air transport in Ukraine.

scholarly journals ZAGADNIENIE KARY ŚMIERCI W STANACh ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Representation ◽  
Capital Trials ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

THE ISSUE OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Summary This article describes the issue of capital punishment in the United States, including the history of the death penalty as administered in the USA and the main court rulings on this matter (e.g. the definition of categories of exemption or restrictions on the methods or conditions of execution). The article also describes numerous efforts (mostly on the grounds of court rulings) to improve the quality of legal representation and enhance the fairness of capital trials and appeals for defendants facing the death penalty. The article concludes with statistics which show that states with capital punishment on the statute book do not generally have lower murder or crime rates and that since 1973 138 persons sentenced to death have been acquitted in outcome of the discovery and proof of miscarriage of justice.

scholarly journals WTO’ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-578
Author(s):  
Chad P Bown ◽  
Jennifer A Hillman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Agricultural Subsidies ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The USA, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with China’s approach to subsidies, their impact, and the apparent ineffectiveness of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures to address them. Finally, it calls for increased efforts to measure and pinpoint the source of the problems—in a manner analogous to how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development took on agricultural subsidies in the 1980s—before providing a legal-economic assessment of proposals for reforms to notifications, evidence, remedies, enforcement, and the definition of a subsidy.

scholarly journals American Investment Banking in the Context of Great Economic Crises

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Dominika Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Investment Banking ◽  
Investment Banks ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers had a strong impact on the whole financial system and started the worst recession since the Great Depression. However, it was not the first crisis in the history of the USA. The purpose of this article is to present the history of investment banking during the main crises in the US history and their impact on the American economy. The article presents the following: a definition of investment banking, theoretical aspects of crises, changes in banking system regulations, and the history of the most important American investment banks, including the infamous Lehman Brothers.

scholarly journals Shepherd’ problems during transition period to the European Union

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kukovics ◽  
T. Németh
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Sheep Production

Accession of Hungary to European Union on 1st May, 2004, made a lot of effects on the whole agriculture including the sheep sector; however, the transitional period in fact started from the beginning of 1990?s, and will be finished at the beginning of 2014. In this paper the history of the sheep industry devided into five periods, and the main events and factors affecting the sheep production were summarised. The first period (up to 1990) could be characterised by the uniformity. The second one (1990-2000) was the period of reorganisation, diffusion, reduction, and re-start. The whole sheep sector was privatised, the ownership changed, the wool industry was demolished, and number of firms earning money from sheep industry increased. The third one (2000-30th April 2004) was the period of hope (for the same level of subsidy as in former EU member states), and the final preparation for EU membership. The forth one (1st May 2004 - 2011) was and still is the learning period (looking for the best ways to help the sector to be survive), and finally the fifth one (2011-2014) will be the awaiting period for new circumstances. In the present sheep sector the live slaughter lamb became the main and dominating product (giving 95-96% of the average income), but the ration of utilised lambs per ewes is lower than the necessary and possible level. The wool does not have real value (2-3% of income), and the milk production fall back to low level.

scholarly journals The European Company: Original expectations and deficiencies of implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Berndt Keller ◽  
Sophie Rosenbohm
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Employee Involvement ◽  
Member States ◽  
European Company ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

We address the failures of the implementation of the European Company Directive and their far-reaching consequences, and discuss options for necessary amendments and improvements. We present empirical data on the characteristics of European companies and their distribution across EU Member States, and discuss major unexpected results of transposition and implementation as well as many evident problems. We then develop options for amendments, including definition of structural changes, mandatory introduction of employee involvement and extension of the ‘before and after’ principle. Finally, we analyse the history of the review process and explain why amendments have not and will most likely not be introduced despite obvious failures and deficiencies.

Towards the digital land reclamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

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