LASRE: A Novel Approach to Large area Accelerated Segmentation for Reverse Engineering on SEM images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Wilson ◽  
Domenic Forte ◽  
Navid Asadizanjani ◽  
Damon L. Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Daunting Task

Abstract In the hardware assurance community, Reverse Engineering (RE) is considered a key tool and asset in ensuring the security and reliability of Integrated Circuits (IC). However, with the introduction of advanced node technologies, the application of RE to ICs is turning into a daunting task. This is amplified by the challenges introduced by the imaging modalities such as the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) used in acquiring images of ICs. One such challenge is the lack of understanding of the influence of noise in the imaging modality along with its detrimental effect on the quality of images and the overall time frame required for imaging the IC. In this paper, we characterize some aspects of the noise in the image along with its primary source. Furthermore, we use this understanding to propose a novel texture-based segmentation algorithm for SEM images called LASRE. The proposed approach is unsupervised, model-free, robust to the presence of noise and can be applied to all layers of the IC with consistent results. Finally, the results from a comparison study is reported, and the issues associated with the approach are discussed in detail. The approach consistently achieved over 86% accuracy in segmenting various layers in the IC.

Trojan Scanner: Detecting Hardware Trojans with Rapid SEM Imaging Combined with Image Processing and Machine Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidish Vashistha ◽  
Hangwei Lu ◽  
Qihang Shi ◽  
M Tanjidur Rahman ◽  
Haoting Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Hardware Trojan ◽  
Hardware Trojans ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Machine Learning Model

Abstract Hardware Trojans are malicious changes to the design of integrated circuits (ICs) at different stages of the design and fabrication processes. Different approaches have been developed to detect Trojans namely non-destructive (electrical tests like run-time monitoring, functional and structural tests) and destructive (full chip reverse engineering). However, these methods cannot detect all types of Trojans and they suffer from a number of disadvantages such as slow speed of detection and lack of confidence in detecting all types of Trojans. Majority of hardware Trojans implemented in an IC will leave a footprint at the doping (active) layer. In this paper, we introduce a new version of our previously developed “Trojan Scanner” [1] framework for the untrusted foundry threat model, where a trusted GDSII layout (golden layout) is available. Advanced computer vision algorithms in combination with the supervised machine-learning model are used to classify different features of the golden layout and SEM images from an IC under authentication, as a unique descriptor for each type of gates. These descriptors are compared with each other to detect any subtle changes on the active region, which can raise the flag for the existence of a potential hardware Trojan. The descriptors can differentiate variation due to fabrication process, defects, and common SEM image distortions to rule out the possibility of false detection. Our results demonstrate that Trojan Scanner is more reliable than electrical testing and faster than full chip reverse engineering. Trojan Scanner does not rely on the functionality of the circuit rather focuses on the real physical structure to detect malicious changes inserted by the untrusted foundry.

Towards Perfection in Large Area, High-Resolution SEM for Integrated Circuit Reverse Engineering

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Fridmann ◽  
J.E. Sanabia ◽  
M. Rasche
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Laser Interferometer ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Sem Imaging ◽  
Stitching Errors

Abstract For large area, high resolution SEM imaging applications, such as integrated circuit (IC) reverse engineering and connectomics [1-3], SEM instruments are limited by small, uncalibrated fields of view (FOVs) and imprecise sample positioning. These limitations affect image capture throughput, requiring more stage drive time and larger image overlaps. Furthermore, these instrument limitations introduce stitching errors in 4 dimensions of the image data, X, Y, Z and I (signal intensity). Throughput and stitching errors are cited challenges [2] and software alone cannot tenably correct stitching errors in large image datasets [3]. Furthermore, software corrections can introduce additional errors into the image data via the scaling, rotation, and twisting of the images. So software has proven insufficient for reverse engineering of modern integrated circuits. Our methodology addresses the challenges brought on by small, uncalibrated FOVs and imprecise sample positioning by combining the resolution and flexibility of the SEM instrument with the accuracy (of the order 10 nm), stability, and automation of the electron beam lithography (EBL) instrument. With its unique combination of high resolution SEM imaging (up to 50,000 pixels x 50,000 pixels for each image), laser interferometer stage positioning, and FOV mapping, the reverse engineering scanning electron microscope (RE-SEM) produces the most accurate large area, high resolution images directly acquired by an SEM instrument [4]. Since the absolute position of each pixel is known ultimately to the accuracy afforded by the laser interferometer stage, these images can be stacked (3D-stitched) with the highest possible accuracy. Thus, the RE-SEM has been used to successfully reconstruct a current PC-CPU at the 22 nm node.

Novel Approach for Battery Type Determination: A Mere Electrical Alternative

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Can Dikmen ◽  
Teoman Karadağ
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Separation Function ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tree Algorithms

Abstract Today, the storage of electrical energy is one of the most important technical challenges. The increasing number of high capacity, high-power applications, especially electric vehicles and grid energy storage, points to the fact that we will be faced with a large amount of batteries that will need to be recycled and separated in the near future. An alternative method to the currently used methods for separating these batteries according to their chemistry is discussed in this study. This method can be applied even on integrated circuits due to its ease of implementation and low operational cost. In this respect, it is also possible to use it in multi-chemistry battery management systems to detect the chemistry of the connected battery. For the implementation of the method, the batteries are connected to two different loads alternately. In this way, current and voltage values ​​are measured for two different loads without allowing the battery to relax. The obtained data is pre-processed with a separation function developed based on statistical significance. In machine learning algorithms, artificial neural network and decision tree algorithms are trained with processed data and used to determine battery chemistry with 100% accuracy. The efficiency and ease of implementation of the decision tree algorithm in such a categorization method are presented comparatively.

scholarly journals Trends in Adoption of Farm Technology: An Overview of Survey in Bhagalpur District of Bihar

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Shivam Kumar ◽  
S. R. Singh ◽  
Chaitali Kumari ◽  
Aabha .
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Large Area ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
New Crops ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Weather Variations

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for rural areas in Bihar. Agriculture being mostly dependent on monsoon is highly affected by scanty rainfall, weather variations, flood, etc. The study was conducted in Bhagalpur district of Bihar to assess role of different technologies in enhancing income and mitigate challenges faced by farmers. Three villages of Sabour block in Bhagalpur district namely Farka, Ghospur and English were selected for study. A total of 150 farmers (50 from each village) were selected randomly and data was collected using semi-structured interview schedule. Production innovations like high yielding varieties, new techniques, and home-made remedies of costly designs were identified, along with a marketing channel to sell vegetables from diara region. Some new crops like strawberry and fruits plantation in large area seemed to have good scope; poultry business also appeared to be promising. Some constraints were also identified which when rectified can give new potentials to agricultural production in this area.

A Micro-Architectural Based Structural Model for Elastomeric Electrospun Scaffolds

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio D’Amore ◽  
John A. Stella ◽  
David E. Schmidt ◽  
William R. Wagner ◽  
Michael S. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Structural Deformations ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
Specific Tissue

Interest in electrospun polymeric nano-microfibers for tissue engineering applications has rapidly grown during the last decade. In spite of this technique’s flexibility and ability to form complex fiber assemblies, additional studies are required to elucidate how the fibrous microstructure translates into specific tissue (or meso-scale) level mechanical behavior. Deterministic structural models can quantify how key structures contribute to the mechanical response as a function of bulk deformation across multiple scales, as well as provide a better understanding of cellular mechanical response to local micro-structural deformations. Our ultimate aim is to utilize such models to assist tissue engineering scaffold design. In the current work, we present a novel approach to automatically quantify key micro-architectural descriptors (fiber overlaps, connectivity, orientation, and diameter) from SEM images of electrospun poly (ester urethane) urea (PEUU) to recreate statistically equivalent scaffold mechanical models. An appropriate representative volume element (RVE) size was determined by quantifying the point of stabilization of the architectural descriptors over image areas of increasing size. Material models were then generated specifying: fiber overlap density, fiber orientation, connectivity and fiber diameter. Macro-meso mechanical response was predicted via FEM simulations.

Diamond Films: Recent Developments

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter M. Gruen ◽  
Ian Buckley-Golder
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Single Crystal Diamond

Carbon in the form of diamond is the stuff of dreams, and the image of the diamond evokes deep and powerful emotions in humans. Following the successful synthesis of diamond by high-pressure methods in the 1950s, the startling development of the low-pressure synthesis of diamond films in the 1970s and 1980s almost immediately engendered great expectations of utility. The many remarkable properties of diamond due in part to its being the most atomically dense material in the universe (hardness, thermal conductivity, friction coefficient, transparency, etc.) could at last be put to use in a multitude of practical applications. “The holy grail”—it was realized early on—would be the development of large-area, doped, single-crystal diamond wafers for the fabrication of high-temperature, extremely fast integrated circuits leading to a revolution in computer technology.Excitement in the community of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) diamond researchers, funding agencies, and industrial companies ran high in expectation of early realization for many of the commercial goals that had been envisioned: tool, optical, and corrosion-resistant coatings; flat-panel displays; thermomanagement for electronic components, etc. Market projection predicting diamond-film sales in the billions of dollars by the year 2000 was commonplace. Hopes were dashed when these optimistic predictions ran up against the enormous scientific and technical problems that had to be overcome in order for those involved to fully exploit the potential of diamond. This experience is not new to the scientific community. One need only remind oneself of the hopes for cheap nuclear power or for high-temperature superconducting wires available at hardware stores to realize that the lag between scientific discoveries and their large-scale applications can be very long. Diamond films are in fact being used today in commercial applications.

Application of CFD in Designing Spacers: A Novel Approach

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Jalili ◽  
Mayur K. Patel ◽  
Christopher Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Inlet Velocity ◽  
Biomedical Device ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Inlet Boundary Condition

Abstract The aim of this paper is to report on a novel approach used in designing spacer (a biomedical device used to aid inhalation of the drug). The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique has been around for some years, but to date has not been used in designing spacers. In the present study the commercial CFD engines used were FLUENT-5.1.1 and PHOENICS. The study covered a large area taking into account various parameter changes such as the inlet boundary condition i.e. changing the velocity at inlet, varying the jet angle at entry to the spacer and the actual length of the spacer. The results were possible were compared to the experimental data available and generally the comparison was good. The findings from this research have highlighted, that there is an optimum size of 6cm and inlet velocity of 30m/s which result in an increased efficiency. It was also found that there is an optimum time of 0.4 sec. For which the highest drug concentration appears to be present.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach for Developing High-Resolution Sub-Fossil Peat Chronologies with 14C Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
T H Donders ◽  
F Wagner ◽  
K van der Borg ◽  
A F M de Jong ◽  
H Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Novel Approach

Sub-fossil sections from a Florida wetland were accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dated and the sedimentological conditions were determined. 14C data were calibrated using a combined wiggle-match and 14C bomb-pulse approach. Repeatable results were obtained providing accurate peat chronologies for the last 130 calendar yr. Assessment of the different errors involved led to age models with 3–5 yr precision. This allows direct calibration of paleoenvironmental proxies with meteorological data. The time frame in which 14C dating is commonly applied can possibly be extended to include the 20th century.

scholarly journals First Auto-Magnifier Platform for Hardware Assurance and Reverse Engineering Integrated Circuits

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (S2) ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
Ronald Wilson ◽  
Navid Asadizanjani ◽  
Domenic Forte ◽  
Damon L. Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Reverse Engineering
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