scholarly journals When a Hybrid Account of Disorder is not Enough

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Murphy-Hollies
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
The State ◽  
Hybrid Account ◽  
Systemic Oppression

In this paper I discuss Wakefield’s account of mental disorder as applied to the case of gender dysphoria (GD). I argue that despite being a hybrid account which brings together a naturalistic and normative element in order to avoid pathologising normal or expectable states, the theory alone is still not extensive enough to answer the question of whether GD should be classed as a disorder. I suggest that the hybrid account falls short in adequately investigating how the harm and dysfunction in cases of GD relate to each other, and secondly that the question of why some dysfunction is disvalued and experienced as harmful requires further consideration. This masks further analysis of patients’ distress and results in an unhelpful overlap of two types of clinical patients within a diagnosis of GD; those with gender-role dysphoria and those with sex dysphoria. These two conditions can be associated with different harms and dysfunctions but Wakefield’s hybrid account does not have the tools to recognise this. This misunderstanding of the sources of dysfunction and harm in those diagnosed with GD risks ineffective treatment for patients and reinforcing the very same prejudiced norms which were conducive to the state being experienced as harmful in the first place. The theory needs to engage, to a surprising and so far unacknowledged extent, with sociological concepts such as the categorisation and stratification of groups in society and the mechanism of systemic oppression, in order to answer the question of whether GD should be classed as a mental disorder. Only then can it successfully avoid pathologising normal or expectable states, as has been seen in past ‘illnesses’ such as homosexuality and ‘drapetomania’.

Chilean Experimental Version of the State-Trait Depression Questionnaire (ST–DEP): State Subscale (S–DEP)

2010 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Vera-Villarroel ◽  
Gualberto Buela-Casal ◽  
Izabela Zych ◽  
Natalia Córdova-Rubio ◽  
Karem Celis-Atenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
The State ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Important Health ◽  
State Depression

Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder and one of the most important health problems in Chile. The current study shows data for validity and reliability of the State subscale (S–DEP) of the Chilean experimental version of the State-Trait Depression Questionnaire (ST–DEP). The procedure conducted with the original version of the questionnaire was replicated on a sample of 300 university students. The utilized measures were the State Depression Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and neutral depressive, mild depressive, and moderate depressive vignettes. Results indicated that the factor structure was replicable, the internal consistency was good, and the situations were ranked as expected. The scale distinguishes intensities of depression. Clinicians and researchers in Chile are provided with a new measure for state depression.

scholarly journals One hundred twelve cases of 46, XY DSD patients after initial gender assignment: a short-term survey of gender role and gender dysphoria

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Hou ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Lijun Fan ◽  
Bingyan Cao ◽  
Jiajia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Gender Reassignment

Abstract Background 46, XY disorders of sex development (46, XY DSD) are congenital disorders with 46, XY chromosomal karyotype but inconsistent gonadal/phenotypic sex. One of the biggest concerns for parents and clinicians is the gender assignment. However, there is no standard uniform of care nor consensus at present. We sought to evaluate the current treatment's rationality and provide a reference basis for the gender reassignment in 46, XY DSD patients with a specific diagnosis. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of gender role with the Pre-school Activities Inventory (PSAI), the Children's Sex Role Inventory (CSRI) in 46, XY DSD patients and set up control groups comparison. Psychiatrist assessed gender dysphoria in patients ≥ 8-year-old with the criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Results A total of 112 responders of 136 patients participated in this study (82.4%, aged 2–17.8 years, median age: 4-year-old). The follow-up period was from 6 months to 10 years (median: 2 years). Twenty-five females were reassigned to the male gender after a specific diagnosis (16/25 (64%) in 5 alfa-reductase-2 deficiency (5α-RD2), 5/25 (20%) in partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), 4/25 (16%) in NR5A1gene mutation). Male gender assignment increased from 55.3 (n = 62) to 77.7% (n = 87). The median PSAI score was similar to the control males in 5α-RD2, PAIS, and NR5A1 gene mutation groups (p > 0.05); while identical to the control females in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and CYP17A1 gene mutation groups (p > 0.05). PSAI score of children raised as male was higher than those of CAIS and CYP17A1 groups raised as female (p < 0.05). CSRI scale showed no statistical differences in the consistency of gender roles and reassigned gender between 46, XY DSD patients and control groups (p > 0.05). None of the patients over 8-year-old (n = 44) had gender dysphoria. Conclusion The reassigned gender in 46, XY DSD patients is consistent with their gender role during early childhood. None of them had gender dysphoria. The molecular diagnosis, gonadal function, and the gender reassignment are congruent within our Chinese cohort. Long-term follow-up and more evaluation are still required.

Mental Disorder in Released Prisoners of War

1946 ◽  
Vol 92 (389) ◽  
pp. 808-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Kirman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Psychiatric Disability ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Wards

After the cessation of hostilities with Japan some 60,000 Europeans were released from Prisoners of War Camps in territory under Japanese control. Of these, a high proportion were sick and were admitted to hospital. Nearly all the psychiatric cases among them were admitted to the 41 British General Hospital, Hospital Town East, Jalahalli. These cases admitted to this hospital were 60 in number, and of them 50 were considered psychotic, 6 neurotic, and in 4 no gross psychiatric disability was found. In order, adequately, to assess the significance of this incidence of mental disorder in the prison camps, a brief résumé of the conditions of imprisonment and of the state of the cases admitted to general medical wards is considered essential.

scholarly journals Odgovornost za institucionalno pridržane osebe po Zakonu o duševnem zdravju

2021 ◽  
pp. 317-330
Author(s):  
Polona Farmany ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
The State ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Involuntary Admission ◽  
Therapeutic Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Environment

When state (i.e. court) decides on involuntary admission or placement of persons with a mental disorder in institutional care (either in a ward under the special supervision of a psychiatric hospital or in a secure ward of a social care institution, after the hospital treatment finishes), it pursues in particular the protective objective (i.e. protection from endangering the life or health of the person concerned or the life and health of others). However, with the admission of these persons into institutional care comes the duty and responsibility of the state (and its institutions) to provide to the detained persons an appropriate therapeutic treatment, i.e. an appropriate therapeutic environment that will allow these persons to improve their health to such an extent that they will be able to live independently in their social environment.

scholarly journals Public and Private Lives: Judith Butler’s Grief and the Loss of Black Self

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Jacob Maze
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
The State ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Systemic Oppression ◽  
Public Bodies

Abstract By looking at Butler’s theories on grief and mourning, I focus on her concept of ecstasy, or the state of being outside of one’s self, which illustrates the dependency individuals have on social norms as well as the vulnerability such a system of recognition entails. Using this framework, I discuss how the private and the public spheres can construct public bodies. If this happens, individuals can have little say over how their bodies are socially signified. To show this, I use the case of Black women in the USA, where systemic oppression constantly draws their bodies into the public’s eye.

Família de baixa renda que convive com uma pessoa com transtorno mental: uma revisão bibliográfica

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iracema Silva Frazão ◽  
Maria Eduarda Batista de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
The State ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Salud Mental ◽  
Review Systematic ◽  
Role Of Nursing

ABSTRACTObjective: to describe the relation between income and mental health as well as the process of dehospitalization and the family responsibility when taking care of a person with mental disorder and the difficulties through this process and the importance of the State in the promotion of a family’s financial and psychic support and to the role of nursing dealing with family and patients with mental illness. Methodology: literature review systematic study using the followings describers: health mental; family; poverty; nursing, as axles of the following contents: family, financial conditions and mental health; poor families coping with mental disorders; the family burden; the importance of the State in the promotion of a family’s financial and psychic support and to the role of nursing dealing with family and patients with mental illness. Results: it’s consent the idea that the State should be the responsible for the guarantee of the social rights of all the citizens; all of the health’s professionals should support the familiars who live with a person with mental disorder teaching them how give the care and giving orientations about the social’s benefices. Conclusion: the humanist action of the nursing and of the others mental heath’s professional is so much important to the family who cooping with mental disorder, because who gives the care needs receive the same care too. Descriptors: health mental; family; poverty; nursing. RESUMOObjetivo: abordar a relação entre renda e saúde mental, bem como o processo de deshospitalização e responsabilização da família no cuidado à pessoa com transtorno mental e suas dificuldades, destacando-se o papel do Estado na promoção de um maior suporte financeiro e psicológico a essas famílias e também a importância da Enfermagem na atuação junto à família e ao portador desses transtornos. Metodologia: estudo de revisão de literatura sistemática no qual foi levantada a produção científica na área de saúde mental preferencialmente dos últimos cinco anos, partindo dos descritores: saúde mental; família; pobreza; enfermagem, como eixos norteadores para o encadeamento dos seguintes conteúdos: família, condições de renda e saúde mental; a família de baixa renda convivendo com a pessoa em sofrimento mental; as sobrecargas vivenciadas pelas famílias cuidadoras; o acolhimento da família que acolhe; o papel da enfermagem no cuidado às famílias. Resultados: é consensual a idéia de que o Estado deve ser responsável pela garantia dos direitos sociais de todos os cidadãos, assim como os profissionais de saúde que compõem a rede de serviços devem apoiar os familiares das pessoas em sofrimento mental, tanto na capacitação para o cuidado, como na orientação para adquirir benefícios sociais e previdenciários àqueles que necessitem. Conclusão: o olhar humanizado não só da equipe de Enfermagem, mas de todos os profissionais envolvidos na saúde mental dos familiares cuidadores, é de extrema necessidade, já que quem cuida também precisa de cuidados. Descritores: saúde mental; família; pobreza; enfermagem.RESUMENObjetivo: describir la relación entre la renta y la salud mental así como el proceso del dehospitalizacion y la responsabilidad de la familia al cuidar de una persona con desorden mental y las dificultades con este proceso, destacando la prominencia al papel delo Estado en la promoción de un mayor suporte financiero e psicológico a estas familias e también del oficio de enfermera que trata de la familia y de los pacientes con enfermedad mental. Metodología: Es un estudio de revisión de literatura sistemática con los descriptores: salud mental; familia; pobreza; enfermería, como ejes para la articulación de los siguientes contenidos: familia, condiciones de renta e salud mental; familia de ingressos bajos que cohabita con enfermos mentales; la sobrecargas vividas por la familia que cuida; el acolhimiento de la familia que acolhe; el oficio de enfermera que trata de la familia de los pacientes con enfermedad mental. Resultados: es un consenso que lo Estado es el responsabile per la garantía de los derechos sociales de todo ciudadano; los professionales de la salud debem apoyar los familiares de las personas con sufrimiento mental, tanto con la capacitación del cuidado y también con la orientación de los derechos sociales que necessitam. Conclusión: la acción humanizada del grupo de Enfermeria y también de todos los professionales de la salud mental es muy importante para la familia cuidadora, porque quién cuida también necessita de los mismos cuidados. Descriptores: salud mental; familia; pobreza; enfermería.  

Body image and gender role perceived in gender dysphoria: Cross-sex hormone therapy effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S589-S589 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Corda ◽  
C. Bandecchi ◽  
V. Deiana ◽  
S. Pintore ◽  
F. Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Biological Sex

The gender dysphoria (GD) refers to the distress caused by the incongruence between gender identity and biological sex. This occurs, especially in pre-treatment cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT), with a marked dissatisfaction with their body image.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of perceived gender in a total of 20 subjects (9 MtFs and 11 FtMs), presented for initiation of CHT at the Psychiatric Clinic or Department of Endocrinology of University Hospital of Cagliari and deemed appropriate to take the transition path aimed at sex reassignment. On a subsample of 7 patients (2 MtFs and 5 FtMs) were then evaluated changes, in terms of improving the acceptance of body image, at 2 months after initiation of CHT, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (focusing on MF, Gm and Gf scale), the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT).The MF scale shows a moderate elevation, which is reduced significantly as a result of correction for perceived gender rather than biological sex. MtFs get higher scores on the Gf scale and lower scores on the Gm scale than FtMs. This trend is confirmed by the average scores of BSRI: MtFs are more “feminine”; while the FtMs are less “masculine”. This denotes an excessive identification by MtFs with the female gender role. Before initiating the CHT, the BUT score was indicative of clinically significant distress, which decreased during the CHT.In conclusion, CHT reduces evidently body discomfort, due to the progressive reduction of the discrepancy between biological and desired gender.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Schizophrenic First-rank Symptoms in Organic Mental Disorders

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marneros
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychotic Reaction ◽  
Organic Mental Disorder ◽  
Organic Mental Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
First Rank Symptoms ◽  
Reaction Patterns

The frequency of schizophrenic first-rank symptoms (FRS) were investigated in 1698 patients with an organic mental disorder (OMD) according to Schneider's and DSM-III criteria: 7% of the patients with OMD had FRS, compared with 47% of schizophrenic patients. However, the frequency of FRS depends on the state of consciousness and on the aetiology of the OMD: 20% of the patients with clear consciousness had FRS, but only 1.5% of those with clouded consciousness. In cases of some aetiologically defined groups of OMD, such as post-ictal epileptic psychoses or alcoholic hallucinosis, the frequency of FRS is similar to that in cases of schizophrenia. FRS appear to be psychotic reaction patterns whose substrate-related basis extends across the whole spectrum of endogenous and exogenous psychoses.

scholarly journals Foreign report: Psychiatry in Israel

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 273-275
Author(s):  
J. P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
The State ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Mental Problems ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Seven years of ecstasy and agony have been enjoyed and endured in Israel, and from the calm of my sabbatical back in the UK, I welcome this opportunity to look in on Israeli psychiatry. The setting is a dramatic one. Israel's recent history is characterised by a hard-won statehood in 1948, massive waves of immigration, a clash of oriental and occidental cultures, and repeated wars. In the face of this rapid and traumatic change, Israelis have exhibited an exaggerated faith in the powers of the state. By denial of emotional and mental problems, a somewhat brittle stability has been achieved, not enhanced by almost uniformly negative attitudes to mental disorder. Understandably Israeli psychiatry has also been characterised by the fight for survival. The professional scene is made up of fierce, creative, one could almost say “true grit” individualists and powerful professional cliques. Israeli psychiatry was literally forged on the battlefields of the Independence War and has retained an Old Testament character of war-like struggle up until the present day. It is to the credit of Israeli psychiatrists that they have succeeded at the highest level in dealing with routine psychiatric problems alongside the awesome consequences of this continuous stress and trauma.

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