scholarly journals Biodiesel production using co-solvents: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e99911672
Author(s):  
George Simonelli ◽  
José Mario Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Moraes Pires ◽  
Luiz Carlos Lobato dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
High Yields

Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel, generally produced by the fatty materials transesterification. Due to its importance in the diversification of the energy matrix of countries, various studies have been carried out to improve its production process. One of the technologies developed is the use of co-solvents in the process. The co-solvents decrease the mass transfer resistance between the oil and the alcohol during the chemical reaction. In this paper, a review of the literature on the biodiesel production using co-solvents was presented. The research gathered information about various studies that are relevant to the theme, aiming to show the state of the art, the substances most used as co-solvents, and the conditions of the process variables that result in high yields of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In the homogeneous basic catalysis of vegetable oils, potassium hydroxide is the most used catalyst. Its range of application normally varies from 0.5% to 1.8% in relation to the mass of oil. The reaction time may vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, the temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C, the molar ratio (MR), from 3:1 to 12:1, and the amount of 30% (w/w) co-solvent, or in some cases up to 0.7:1 co-solvent to alcohol molar ratio.

scholarly journals Influence of the Incorporation of Transition Metals on the Basicity of Mg,Al-Mixed Oxides and on Their Catalytic Properties for Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Veiga ◽  
Zilacleide S. B. Sousa ◽  
Carla M. S. Polato ◽  
Marcio F. Portilho ◽  
Cláudia O. Veloso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Acid Methyl

The transesterification of vegetable oils produces fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). Biodiesel is a nonpolluting alternative fuel produced from renewable resources whose chemical and physical properties closely resemble those of the petroleum diesel fuel and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. The use of solid catalysts makes biodiesel production processes environmentally friendly. In this work, Mg,Al-mixed oxides derived from Mg,Al-hydrotalcite-like compound with an M3+/(M2++M3+) molar ratio of 0.25, in which Mg or Al was partially replaced by Co2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, or Fe3+, were prepared, characterized, and evaluated as catalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The results have indicated that the incorporation of transition metal influenced both textural and base properties. All the evaluated catalysts were active for the studied reaction. The catalytic activity followed the order Cr-MO < Co-MO < Cu-MO < Fe-MO < MO and could be explained by mesoporous volume.

Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeeb Hayyan ◽  
Farouq Mjalli ◽  
Mohamed Mirghani ◽  
Mohd Hashim ◽  
Maan Hayyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Stage Process

AbstractAcidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g−1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25–3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40–80°C, reaction time of 3–150 min, and stirrer speed of 100–500 min−1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min−1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g−1 to less than 1 mg g−1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g−1).

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Khaya senegalensis Seed Oil using Heterogeneous Catalyst

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Mohammed Babakura ◽  
Jibrin M. Yelwa ◽  
Abubakar Ibrahim ◽  
Bashir M. Aliyu ◽  
Jibrin Y. Yahaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Biodiesel was produced by transesterifying Khaya senegalensis oil with methanol in the presence of Al2O3 as catalyst. Molar ratio of 15:1 (methanol to oil) was followed to shift the reaction to product side for more yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and the use of a heterogeneous catalyst enabled the reaction to proceed faster. The oil and biodiesel were characterized following ASTM standards. The free fatty acid, acid value, viscosity, specific gravity, moisture content, saponification value, pour point, cloud point were examined in this research and the result obtained show that Khaya senegalensis Seed Oil is a good for biodiesel production. The biodiesel obtained was separated from glycerol, washed with distilled water and dried. Samples of oil and biodiesel were scan within mid-infrared region of 4000 cm-1 – 400 cm-1 with fourier transform infrared spectrometer by agilent technologies. The spectra obtained were interpreted and analyzed with the aid of structure correlation chart. The results revealed that the biodiesel contained fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FTIR spectrum for the biodiesel revealed the functional groups with characteristics bands, C=O, -(CH2)n-, C-O, C=C and C-H in the spectrum.

scholarly journals Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Shafaq Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

Transesterification of Jatropha Oil to Biodiesel by Using Catalyst Containing Ca(C3H7O3)2 as a Solid Base Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 666 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Jun Li ◽  
Zhi Wei Huang ◽  
Yu Jie He ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Cheng Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Direct Precipitation ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Direct Precipitation Method ◽  
C Nmr

An direct precipitation method of Calcium glyceroxide Ca(C3H7O3)2 was proposed. The prepared Ca(C3H7O3)2 was effective in transesterification of Jatropha oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The Ca(C3H7O3)2 catalysts were characterized by using XRD, solid state 13C-NMR, FTIR, and Hammett indicator. The influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated. Under a condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, a catalyst amount of 4 wt %, reaction time of 1.5 h, and reaction temperature of 65 °C, over 95% of biodiesel yield was obtained.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Transesterification Using a Co-solvent of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanh Ngoc Thi Le ◽  
Kiyoshi Imamura ◽  
Norie Watanabe ◽  
Masakazu Furuta ◽  
Norimichi Takenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Acid Methyl

Evaluation of Dominant Parameters in Lipase Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Anderson ◽  
Terry Walker ◽  
Bryan Moser ◽  
Caye Drapcho ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Induction Periods ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Eversa Transform was used as an enzymatic catalyst to transform glandless and crude (heavy pigment) cottonseed oils into biodiesel. The oils were reacted with methanol at a 6:1 molar ratio with modified amounts of water, lipase, and temperature. Reactions were conducted in the presence of lipase and water at doses of 2, 5, and 8 wt% and 1, 3, and 6 wt%, respectively. Product composition and conversion were determined using the gas chromatography method of ASTM D6584. Oxidative stability was determined following EN 15751. The conversion to fatty acid methyl esters averaged 98.5% across all samples. Temperature had the most significant effect on conversion (p &lt; 0.0035). Lipase and water dosages did not affect conversion, while each had an effect with temperature that was significant across the difference between 3 and 1 wt% water content and between 8 and 5 wt% enzyme content between the two temperatures (p = 0.0018 and 0.0153), respectively. Induction periods (oxidative stability) of the glandless and crude cottonseed oils were significantly different, but there was no difference between the two oil conversions based on oil type. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cottonseed oil, Fatty acid methyl esters, Lipase, Oxidative stability, Transesterification.

Chromatographic characterization of triacylglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters in microalgae oils for biodiesel production

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 053111 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Soares ◽  
B. F. Silva ◽  
L. L. Fialho ◽  
M. A. G. Pequeno ◽  
A. A. H. Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Chromatographic Characterization

scholarly journals Simulation of biodiesel production using hydro-esterification process from wet microalgae

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Ardian Fauzi ◽  
Sangga Hadi Pratama ◽  
Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Wet Microalgae ◽  
Subcritical Condition

Recently, algae have received a lot of attention as a new biomass source for the production of renewable energy, such as biodiesel. Conventionally, biodiesel is made through esterification or transesterification of oils where the process involves a catalyst and alcohol to be reacted in a reactor. However, this process is energy intensive for drying and extraction step. To overcome this situation, we studied simulation of a new route of hydro-esterification process which is combine hydrolysis and esterification processes for biodiesel production from wet microalgae. Firstly, wet microalgae treated by hydrolyzer to produce fatty acids (FAs), separated with separator, and then mixed with methanol and esterified at subcritical condition to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) while H2SO4 conducted as the catalyst. Energy and material balance of conventional and hydrolysis-esterification process was evaluated by Aspen Plus. Simulation result indicated that conventional route is energy demanding process, requiring 4.40 MJ/L biodiesel produced. In contrast, the total energy consumption of hydrolysis-esterification method can be reduced significantly into 2.43 MJ/L biodiesel. Based on the energy consumption comparison, hydro-esterification process is less costly than conventional process for biodiesel production.

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