scholarly journals Biallelic expression of the l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase gene with different methylation status between male and female primordial germ cells in chickens

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Jang ◽  
M.O. Lee ◽  
S. Kim ◽  
T.H. Kim ◽  
S.K. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Biallelic Expression ◽  
Male And Female

scholarly journals Fine-tuning evolution: germ-line epigenetics and inheritance

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. R37-R48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M Stringer ◽  
Sanna Barrand ◽  
Patrick Western
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Reprogramming ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Epigenetic Information

In mice, epiblast cells found both the germ-line and somatic lineages in the developing embryo. These epiblast cells carry epigenetic information from both parents that is required for development and cell function in the fetus and during post-natal life. However, germ cells must establish an epigenetic program that supports totipotency and the configuration of parent-specific epigenetic states in the gametes. To achieve this, the epigenetic information inherited by the primordial germ cells at specification is erased and new epigenetic states are established during development of the male and female germ-lines. Errors in this process can lead to transmission of epimutations through the germ-line, which have the potential to affect development and disease in the parent's progeny. This review discusses epigenetic reprogramming in the germ-line and the transmission of epigenetic information to the following generation.

scholarly journals Knockdown of DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4) decreases the number of germ cells in male and female chicken embryonic gonads

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Nana Aduma ◽  
Hiroe Izumi ◽  
Shusei Mizushima ◽  
Asato Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Retroviral Vectors ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Aromatase Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Dead Box ◽  
Related Transcription Factor ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4; also known as vasa) is essential for the proper formation and maintenance of germ cells. Although DDX4 is conserved in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates, its roles differ between species. This study investigated the function of DDX4 in chicken embryos by knocking down its expression using retroviral vectors that encoded DDX4-targeting microRNAs. DDX4 was effectively depleted invitro and invivo via this approach. Male and female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos contained a decreased number of primordial germ cells, indicating that DDX4 is essential to maintain a normal level of these cells in chicken embryos of both sexes. Expression of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) and sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), which are involved in testis determination and differentiation, was normal in male gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. In contrast, expression of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), which encodes aromatase and is essential for ovary development, was significantly decreased in female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. Expression of forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), which plays an important role in ovary differentiation, was also slightly reduced in DDX4-knockdown embryos, but not significantly. Based on several pieces of evidence FOXL2 was hypothesised to regulate aromatase expression. The results of this study indicate that aromatase expression is also regulated by several additional pathways.

Mouse embryonic germ (EG) cell lines: transmission through the germline and differences in the methylation imprint of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (Igf2r) gene compared with embryonic stem (ES) cell lines

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 3197-3204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Labosky ◽  
D.P. Barlow ◽  
B.L. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Significant Difference

Primordial germ cells of the mouse cultured on feeder layers with leukemia inhibitory factor, Steel factor and basic fibroblast growth factor give rise to cells that resemble undifferentiated blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells. These primordial germ cell-derived embryonic germ cells can be induced to differentiate extensively in culture, form teratocarcinomas when injected into nude mice and contribute to chimeras when injected into host blastocysts. Here, we report the derivation of multiple embryonic germ cell lines from 8.5 days post coitum embryos of C57BL/6 inbred mice. Four independent embryonic germ cell lines with normal male karyotypes have formed chimeras when injected into BALB/c host blastocysts and two of these lines have transmitted coat color markers through the germline. We also show that pluripotent cell lines capable of forming teratocarcinomas and coat color chimeras can be established from primordial germ cells of 8.0 days p.c. embryos and 12.5 days p.c. genital ridges. We have examined the methylation status of the putative imprinting box of the insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor gene (Igf2r) in these embryonic germ cell lines. No correlation was found between methylation pattern and germline competence. A significant difference was observed between embryonic stem cell and embryonic germ cell lines in their ability to maintain the methylation imprint of the Igf2r gene in culture. This may illustrate a fundamental difference between these two cell types.

Embryological Development of Primordial Germ-cells in the Mouse: Influence of a New Mutation, Wj1

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-403
Author(s):  
Beatrice Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
New Mutation ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Mutant Genes ◽  
Pleiotropic Mutant

The pleiotropic mutant genes W and Wv are alleles of w in the mouse, and produce anaemia, absence of fur pigmentation, and sterility in homozygotes (review by Russell, 1954). Germ-cells of both male and female homozygotes are lacking or drastically reduced in numbers at birth, the genotypes being identifiable through the concurrent anaemia. The developmental basis for this sterility was therefore sought in embryonic life and has been described (Mintz & Russell, 1955, 1957). Recently, a new mutation, Wj, with comparable effects in the homozygote, arose at the same locus. Evidence that it is an allele of the W-series, but different from W or Wv, will be presented elsewhere (Russell, Lawson, & Schabtach, in preparation). In the present report, the early abnormalities characterizing WjWj will be traced and compared with those produced by the other mutant alleles, and will be considered in relation to the problems of germ-cell origin and pleiotropism. A preliminary note (Mintz, 1957) has appeared on the study.

Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Status of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jun Jang ◽  
Hee Won Seo ◽  
Bo Ram Lee ◽  
Min Yoo ◽  
James E. Womack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Methylation Status

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical observation of the 90 KD heat shock protein (HSP90): high expression in primordial and pre-meiotic germ cells of male and female rat gonads.

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ohsako ◽  
D Bunick ◽  
Y Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

We used immunocytochemistry to detect the 90 KD major heat shock protein (HSP90), a potential regulator of gene expression, during male and female rat gonad development. In the Day 13.0 post-coital (dpc) fetal gonad, strong immunoreactivity to anti-HSP90 antibody was shown in the cytoplasm of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Other somatic cells in the gonad showed only faint reactivity. During testicular development, strong immunostaining was observed in the cytoplasm of embryonic germ cells and in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the pre-pubertal testis. In adult testis reactivity of spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes was strong but reactivity of post-meiotic spermatogenic cells, i.e., secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, was extremely reduced. During ovarian development, immunostaining was also observed in the oogonia and the oocytes of pre-pubertal ovary. However, the staining of oocytes was reduced with the development of primordial follicles during the first week after birth. This study revealed that HSP90 is highly expressed in PGCs and continues to be expressed in both male and female pre-meiotic germ cells. The HSP90 accumulation may be essential for both male and female mammalian pre-meiotic germ cells.

Long term-cultured and cryopreserved primordial germ cells from various chicken breeds retain high proliferative potential and gonadal colonisation competency

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Tonus ◽  
Karine Cloquette ◽  
Fabien Ectors ◽  
Joëlle Piret ◽  
Laurent Gillet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Chicken Breeds

When derived from chicken embryos, avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been reported to keep their germline-specific properties and proliferative potential even after long-term culture and genetic modifications. Few teams to date have reported such long-term expansion and engineering without differentiation of primary avian PGCs’ cultures. We have developed original and robust methods that allow more than 1 year culture, expansion and cryobanking of primary cultures of PGCs without obvious effects on their biological properties, including their ability to colonise the genital ridges. Overall, 38% of embryonic samples gave rise to PGCs lines derived from three commercial layers and two Belgian endangered breeds. The lines kept their proliferative potential and their characteristic PGCs phenotype after 20 months in culture, whether or not interrupted by a cryopreservation step. All the resulting lines appeared devoid of female cells, although initially pooled from male and female embryos. Labelled PGCs from 12 long-term cultured lines colonised the genital ridges of recipient embryos. Thus, this procedure allows derivation, long-term expansion and cryobanking of primary cultures of PGCs without obvious changes to their original characteristics, providing an alternative access to applications in avian biotechnology and preservation of genetic resources.

scholarly journals Transcription factors protect from DNA re-methylation during reprograming of primordial germ cells and pre-implantation embryos

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Kremsky ◽  
Victor G. Corces
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Epigenetic Information

AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests that certain phenotypic traits of epigenetic origin can be passed across generations via both the male and female germlines of mammals. These observations have been difficult to explain owing to a global loss of the majority of known epigenetic marks present in parental chromosomes during primordial germ cell development and after fertilization. By integrating previously published BS-seq, DNase-seq, ATAC-seq, and RNA-seq data collected during multiple stages of primordial germ cell and preimplantation development, we find that the methylation status of the majority of CpGs genome-wide is restored after global reprogramming, despite the fact that global CpG methylation drops to 10% in primordial germ cells and 20% in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. We estimate the proportion of such CpGs with preserved methylation status to be 78%. Further, we find that CpGs at sites bound by transcription factors during the global re-methylation phases of germ line and embryonic development remain hypomethylated across all developmental stages observed. On the other hand, CpGs at sites not bound by transcription factors during the global re-methylation phase have high methylation levels prior to global de-methylation, become de-methylated during global de-methylation, and then become re-methylated. The results suggest that transcription factors can act as carriers of epigenetic information during germ cell and pre-implantation development by ensuring that the methylation status of CpGs is maintained after reprogramming of DNA methylation. Based on our findings, we propose a model in which transcription factor binding during the re-methylation phases of primordial germ cell and pre-implantation development allow epigenetic information to be maintained trans-generationally even at sites where DNA methylation is lost during global de-methylation.

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