Embryological Development of Primordial Germ-cells in the Mouse: Influence of a New Mutation, Wj1

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-403
Author(s):  
Beatrice Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
New Mutation ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Mutant Genes ◽  
Pleiotropic Mutant

The pleiotropic mutant genes W and Wv are alleles of w in the mouse, and produce anaemia, absence of fur pigmentation, and sterility in homozygotes (review by Russell, 1954). Germ-cells of both male and female homozygotes are lacking or drastically reduced in numbers at birth, the genotypes being identifiable through the concurrent anaemia. The developmental basis for this sterility was therefore sought in embryonic life and has been described (Mintz & Russell, 1955, 1957). Recently, a new mutation, Wj, with comparable effects in the homozygote, arose at the same locus. Evidence that it is an allele of the W-series, but different from W or Wv, will be presented elsewhere (Russell, Lawson, & Schabtach, in preparation). In the present report, the early abnormalities characterizing WjWj will be traced and compared with those produced by the other mutant alleles, and will be considered in relation to the problems of germ-cell origin and pleiotropism. A preliminary note (Mintz, 1957) has appeared on the study.

scholarly journals Fine-tuning evolution: germ-line epigenetics and inheritance

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. R37-R48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M Stringer ◽  
Sanna Barrand ◽  
Patrick Western
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Reprogramming ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Epigenetic Information

In mice, epiblast cells found both the germ-line and somatic lineages in the developing embryo. These epiblast cells carry epigenetic information from both parents that is required for development and cell function in the fetus and during post-natal life. However, germ cells must establish an epigenetic program that supports totipotency and the configuration of parent-specific epigenetic states in the gametes. To achieve this, the epigenetic information inherited by the primordial germ cells at specification is erased and new epigenetic states are established during development of the male and female germ-lines. Errors in this process can lead to transmission of epimutations through the germ-line, which have the potential to affect development and disease in the parent's progeny. This review discusses epigenetic reprogramming in the germ-line and the transmission of epigenetic information to the following generation.

scholarly journals Knockdown of DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4) decreases the number of germ cells in male and female chicken embryonic gonads

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Nana Aduma ◽  
Hiroe Izumi ◽  
Shusei Mizushima ◽  
Asato Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Retroviral Vectors ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Aromatase Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Dead Box ◽  
Related Transcription Factor ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4; also known as vasa) is essential for the proper formation and maintenance of germ cells. Although DDX4 is conserved in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates, its roles differ between species. This study investigated the function of DDX4 in chicken embryos by knocking down its expression using retroviral vectors that encoded DDX4-targeting microRNAs. DDX4 was effectively depleted invitro and invivo via this approach. Male and female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos contained a decreased number of primordial germ cells, indicating that DDX4 is essential to maintain a normal level of these cells in chicken embryos of both sexes. Expression of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) and sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), which are involved in testis determination and differentiation, was normal in male gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. In contrast, expression of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), which encodes aromatase and is essential for ovary development, was significantly decreased in female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. Expression of forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), which plays an important role in ovary differentiation, was also slightly reduced in DDX4-knockdown embryos, but not significantly. Based on several pieces of evidence FOXL2 was hypothesised to regulate aromatase expression. The results of this study indicate that aromatase expression is also regulated by several additional pathways.

Proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells during compensatory growth in mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
P. P. L. Tam ◽  
M. H. L. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Mitomycin C ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
And Migration

Primitive-streak-stage mouse embryos were treated with Mitomycin C injected intraperitoneally into pregnant females at 6·75–7·0 days post coitum. The newborn mice developed poorly and mortality was high during the suckling period. Many weaned survivors showed impaired fertility and poor breeding performance. Histological examination revealed a paucity of germ cells in the adult gonads. The deficiency was mainly caused by a severe reduction of the primordial germ cell population in early embryonic life, which was not fully compensated for during the compensatory growth phase of the Mitomycin C-treated embryo. Also contributing to such impaired fertility were retarded migration of the primordial germ cells into the genital ridges, poor development of the foetal gonad and secondary loss of the germ cells during gametogenesis in males.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical observation of the 90 KD heat shock protein (HSP90): high expression in primordial and pre-meiotic germ cells of male and female rat gonads.

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ohsako ◽  
D Bunick ◽  
Y Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

We used immunocytochemistry to detect the 90 KD major heat shock protein (HSP90), a potential regulator of gene expression, during male and female rat gonad development. In the Day 13.0 post-coital (dpc) fetal gonad, strong immunoreactivity to anti-HSP90 antibody was shown in the cytoplasm of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Other somatic cells in the gonad showed only faint reactivity. During testicular development, strong immunostaining was observed in the cytoplasm of embryonic germ cells and in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the pre-pubertal testis. In adult testis reactivity of spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes was strong but reactivity of post-meiotic spermatogenic cells, i.e., secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, was extremely reduced. During ovarian development, immunostaining was also observed in the oogonia and the oocytes of pre-pubertal ovary. However, the staining of oocytes was reduced with the development of primordial follicles during the first week after birth. This study revealed that HSP90 is highly expressed in PGCs and continues to be expressed in both male and female pre-meiotic germ cells. The HSP90 accumulation may be essential for both male and female mammalian pre-meiotic germ cells.

Long term-cultured and cryopreserved primordial germ cells from various chicken breeds retain high proliferative potential and gonadal colonisation competency

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Tonus ◽  
Karine Cloquette ◽  
Fabien Ectors ◽  
Joëlle Piret ◽  
Laurent Gillet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Chicken Breeds

When derived from chicken embryos, avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been reported to keep their germline-specific properties and proliferative potential even after long-term culture and genetic modifications. Few teams to date have reported such long-term expansion and engineering without differentiation of primary avian PGCs’ cultures. We have developed original and robust methods that allow more than 1 year culture, expansion and cryobanking of primary cultures of PGCs without obvious effects on their biological properties, including their ability to colonise the genital ridges. Overall, 38% of embryonic samples gave rise to PGCs lines derived from three commercial layers and two Belgian endangered breeds. The lines kept their proliferative potential and their characteristic PGCs phenotype after 20 months in culture, whether or not interrupted by a cryopreservation step. All the resulting lines appeared devoid of female cells, although initially pooled from male and female embryos. Labelled PGCs from 12 long-term cultured lines colonised the genital ridges of recipient embryos. Thus, this procedure allows derivation, long-term expansion and cryobanking of primary cultures of PGCs without obvious changes to their original characteristics, providing an alternative access to applications in avian biotechnology and preservation of genetic resources.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTS ON TOLERATION OF TEMPERATURE BY DROSOPHILA

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold H. Plough ◽  
Maurice B. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Homozygous Condition ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Mutant Genes

1. Most wild stocks of Drosophila melanogaster can be bred indefinitely on banana agar at a temperature of 31°C. There is no relation between the geographical origin of these stocks and their ability to tolerate this temperature. 2. A single wild stock has been found which will breed for only one generation at temperatures above 29°C. The offspring hatched at 31°C. will breed normally at 24°C. This difference from other wild stocks is apparently genetic, but its genetic basis has not yet been worked out. 3. The mutant stocks of D. melanogaster tested by us will breed for only one generation at 31°C. and their offspring at this temperature are also fertile at 24°C. This condition is apparently a physiological effect of the presence of any of the mutant genes in a homozygous condition. 4. Similar tests indicate that wild stocks of D. virilis and Chymomyza procnemis will breed at 31°C., while D. simulans, D. immigrans, and D. funebris will not. The last two species are northern forms not commonly found in the tropics. 5. Both male and female flies from mutant stocks hatched at 31°C. produce offspring at this temperature if mated to flies hatched at 24°C. Their germ cells are therefore capable of development, and the cause of their failure to develop at 31°C. when inbred must lie either in the failure of the germ cells to reach each other or in the fertilization process itself.

The differentiation of germ cells and gonads during development of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A study with anti-carp sperm monoclonal antibodies

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
H. K. Parmentier ◽  
L. P. M. Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

Gonadal development, germ cell differentiation and the appearance of membrane antigenic determinants, specific for male and female germ cells during gonadogenesis, was studied in larval and juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) until 25 weeks after fertilization Indirect immunofluorescence studies with four monoclonal antibodies raised against carp spermatozoa revealed that monoclonal antibody WCS 29 stained the outer membranes of primordial germ cells in larvae from 3 days after fertilization. The monoclonal antibodies WCS 3 and 17 reacted with the outer membranes of germ cells from 7 weeks after fertilization onwards, simultaneously with the onset of germ cell proliferation. With monoclonal antibody WCS 28 germ cell membranes were clearly stained from 18 weeks after fertilization. Similar reactions were observed in both sexes, however, female germ cells reacted at an earlier developmental stage with the monoclonal antibody WCS 28 than male germ cells. In the developing testis the monoclonal antibodies stained all types of spermatogenic cells. In the ovary, however, only oogonia and early prophase oocytes showed a positive reaction with the four monoclonal antibodies. The results indicate that germline-specific antigens are present on the outer membranes of primordial germ cells and their male and female descendants, with the exception of elderly oogenic stages. It is assumed that the appearance and disappearance of these membrane antigens reflect differentiation steps of germ cells during gonadogenesis.

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