scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Adaptation Strategies to Phosphate Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Hu ◽  
Lijing Zhang ◽  
Decao Niu ◽  
Shuzhen Nan ◽  
Shujuan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Zygophyllum Xanthoxylum ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Pi Deficiency ◽  
Pi Stress

Soil phosphate (Pi) deficiency is a global issue and a major constraint on plant growth. Plants typically acclimatize to low Pi by enhancing their P utilization and/or P acquisition efficiencies; however, different species have variable preferred strategies. RNA sequencing analysis was performed on the shoots and roots of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, under 1 day and 10 days of Pi stress, to investigate their adaptation strategies to P deprivation. A total of 364,614 unigenes and 9,270 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained via transcriptome sequencing. An analysis of the DEGs revealed that under the 10D treatment, anthocyanin synthesis genes were upregulated under Pi stress, whereas gibberellin, ethylene, and cytokinins synthesis genes were upregulated, and abscisic acid synthesis genes were downregulated. Genes related to organic acid synthesis, encoding for purple acid phosphatases (APase) and nucleases (RNase) were upregulated under the 1D and 10D treatments, respectively. Furthermore, genes associated with Pi transport were induced by Pi stress. Zygophyllum xanthoxylum has special P adaptation strategies, the variation trends of genes involved in external P mobilization and acquisition, which were different from that of most other species; however, the expression levels of organophosphorus mobilization related genes, such as APases and RNases, were significantly increased. Meanwhile, PHT2s and TPTs, which distributed Pi to effective sites (e.g., chloroplast), played critical roles in the maintenance of photosynthesis. We speculated that these were economic and energy saving strategies, and there are critical adaptive mechanisms that Z. xanthoxylum employs to cope with deficits in Pi.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the growth of stylo root was enhanced, which was attributed to the up-regulation of expansin genes participating in root growth. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulations were identified in stylo roots response to P deficiency, which mainly included flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots subjected to low P stress. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that a set of genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundances of phenolic acids and phenylamides were significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The increased accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo.Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and increasing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo roots to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Different Carrot Genotypes and Tissues

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng Meng ◽  
Sabine K. Clausen ◽  
Søren K. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
The Individual

Black carrots are characterized by a significant amount of anthocyanins, which are not only a good source of natural food colorant, but can also provide many health benefits to humans. In the present work, taproots of different carrot genotypes were used to identify the candidate genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, with particular a focus on R2R3MYB, bHLH transcription factors, and glutathione S-transferase gene (GST). The RNA-sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) showed that DcMYB6 and DcMYB7 had a genotypic dependent expression and they are likely involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were specifically upregulated in solid black taproots, including both black phloem and xylem. DcbHLH3 (LOC108204485) was upregulated in all black samples compared with the orange ones. We also found that GST1 (LOC108205254) might be an important anthocyanin transporter, and its upregulated expression resulted in the increasing of vacuolar anthocyanin accumulation in black samples. Moreover, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to identify the individual anthocyanin in the purple tissues of two carrot cultivars. The results showed that five main anthocyanin compounds and the most abundant anthocyanin were the same in different tissues, while the second-highest anthocyanin between three tissues was different, even in the same cultivar. In conclusion, this study combined anthocyanin profiles and comparative transcriptomic analysis to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrots, thus providing a better foundation for improving anthocyanin accumulation in carrots as a source of colorants.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Root Response of Chinese Fir to Phosphorus Deficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanting Chen ◽  
Mengyan Zhou ◽  
Mingzhen Zhao ◽  
Ranhong Chen ◽  
Mulualem Tigabu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Purple Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Pi Deficiency

Abstract Background: Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for plant growth and development, but the content of plant available phosphorus (Pi) in many soil types is low. As a fast-growing timber species, Chinese fir is in great demand of Pi, and the lack of Pi in soil restricts the increase of productivity of Chinese fir plantation. Root morphology and the synthesis and secretion of organic acids play an important role in the uptake of phosphorus, but the molecular mechanisms of Chinese fir in response to Pi deficiency are largely unexplored. Results: In this study, seedlings of Yang 061 clone were grown under three Pi supply levels (0, 5 and 10 mg·L-1 P) and morphological attributes, organic acid content and enzyme activity were measured, the transcriptome data of Chinese fir root system were obtained and the expression levels of phosphorus responsive genes and organic acid synthesis related genes on citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were determined. The results showed that there were 50,808 Unigenes annotated from the transcriptome of Chinese fir roots. Among differentially expressed genes, seven genes of phosphate transporter family and seventeen genes of purple acid phosphatase family were up-regulated by Pi deficiency, two proteins of SPX domain were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. The metabolic pathways of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were mapped, and the expression characteristics of the related Unigenes under different phosphorus treatments were analyzed. The genes involved in malic acid and citric acid synthesis were up-regulated, and the activities of the related enzymes were significantly enhanced under long-term stress. The contents of citric acid and malic acid in the roots of Chinese fir increased after 30days of Pi deficiency. Conclusion: The Chinese fir roots showed increased expression of citrate and malate synthesis genes, increased content of organic acids and enhanced activities of related enzymes under Pi deficiency. The results provide a new insight for revealing the molecular mechanism of Pi deficiency and the pathway of organic acid synthesis in Chinese fir roots.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the root response of Chinese fir to phosphorus deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanting Chen ◽  
Mengyan Zhou ◽  
Mingzhen Zhao ◽  
Ranhong Chen ◽  
Mulualem Tigabu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Purple Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Pi Deficiency

Abstract Background Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for plant growth and development, but available phosphorus (Pi) content in many soil types is low. As a fast-growing tree species for timber production, Chinese fir is in great demand of Pi, and the lack of Pi in soil restricts the increase of productivity of Chinese fir plantation. Root morphology and the synthesis and secretion of organic acids play an important role in the uptake of phosphorus, but the molecular mechanisms of Chinese fir root responses to Pi deficiency are largely unexplored. In this study, seedlings of Yang 061 clone were grown under three Pi supply levels (0, 5 and 10 mg·L-1 P) and morphological attributes, organic acid content and enzyme activity were measured. The transcriptome data of Chinese fir root system were obtained and the expression levels of phosphorus responsive genes and organic acid synthesis related genes on citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were determined. Results We annotated 50,808 Unigenes from the transcriptome of Chinese fir roots. Among differentially expressed genes, seven genes of phosphate transporter family and 17 genes of purple acid phosphatase family were up-regulated by Pi deficiency, two proteins of SPX domain were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. The metabolic pathways of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were mapped, and the expression characteristics of the related Unigenes under different phosphorus treatments were analyzed. The genes involved in malic acid and citric acid synthesis were up-regulated, and the activities of the related enzymes were significantly enhanced under long-term Pi stress. The contents of citric acid and malic acid in the roots of Chinese fir increased after 30 days of Pi deficiency. Conclusion Chinese fir roots showed increased expression of genes related with phosphorus starvation, citrate and malate synthesis genes, increased content of organic acids, and enhanced activities of related enzymes under Pi deficiency. The results provide a new insight for revealing the molecular mechanism of adaption to Pi deficiency and the pathway of organic acid synthesis in Chinese fir roots.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Rothenberg ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Meiban Chen ◽  
Wenting Zhang ◽  
Lingyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway

Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

scholarly journals The Role of Sugar Signaling in Regulating Plant Fatty Acid Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyang Zhai ◽  
Jantana Keereetaweep ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Changcheng Xu ◽  
John Shanklin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sugar Signaling ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Metabolic Intermediates

Photosynthates such as glucose, sucrose, and some of their derivatives play dual roles as metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules that influence plant cell metabolism. Such sugars provide substrates for de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. However, compared with the well-defined examples of sugar signaling in starch and anthocyanin synthesis, until recently relatively little was known about the role of signaling in regulating FA and lipid biosynthesis. Recent research progress shows that trehalose 6-phosphate and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) play direct signaling roles in the regulation of FA biosynthesis by modulating transcription factor stability and enzymatic activities involved in FA biosynthesis. Specifically, mechanistic links between sucrose non-fermenting−1–related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1)–mediated trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) sensing and its regulation by phosphorylation of WRI1 stability, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme activity, and of 2-OG–mediated relief of inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity by protein PII are exemplified in detail in this review.

Rose (Rosa hybrida) Ethylene Responsive Factor 3 Promotes Rose Flower Senescence via Direct Activation of The Abscisic Acid Synthesis-Related 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE Gene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Luo ◽  
Sijia Chen ◽  
Shenghai Cao ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Ruirui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Rose Flower ◽  
Transient Activation ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dioxygenase Gene ◽  
Flower Quality

Abstract During plant senescence, energy and nutrients are transferred to young leaves, fruits or seeds. However, senescence reduces flower quality, which leads to huge economic losses in flower production. Ethylene is an important factor affecting the quality of cut roses during transportation and storage. Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are key nodes in ethylene signaling, but the molecular mechanism underlying ERFs regulated flower senescence is not well understood. We addressed this issue in the present study by focusing on RhERF3 from Rosa hybrida, an ERF identified in a previous transcriptome analysis of ethylene-treated rose flowers. Expression of RhERF3 was strongly induced by ethylene during rose flower senescence. Transient silencing of RhERF3 delayed flower senescence whereas overexpression (OE) accelerated the process. RNA sequencing analysis of RhERF3 OE and pSuper vector control samples identified 13,214 differentially expressed genes that were mostly related to metabolic process and plant hormone signal transduction. Transient activation and yeast one hybrid assays demonstrated that RhERF3 directly bound the promoter of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (RhNCED1) gene and activated gene expression. Thus, a RhERF3/RhNCED1 axis accelerates rose flower senescence.

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