scholarly journals Waste Wood Particles from Primary Wood Processing as a Filler of Insulation PUR Foams

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 4781
Author(s):  
Radosław Mirski ◽  
Dorota Dukarska ◽  
Joanna Walkiewicz ◽  
Adam Derkowski
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Wood Particles

A significant part of the work carried out so far in the field of production of biocomposite polyurethane foams (PUR) with the use of various types of lignocellulosic fillers mainly concerns rigid PUR foams with a closed-cell structure. In this work, the possibility of using waste wood particles (WP) from primary wood processing as a filler for PUR foams with open-cell structure was investigated. For this purpose, a wood particle fraction of 0.315–1.25 mm was added to the foam in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The foaming course of the modified PUR foams (PUR-WP) was characterized on the basis of the duration of the process’ successive stages at the maximum foaming temperature. In order to explain the observed phenomena, a cellular structure was characterized using microscopic analysis such as SEM and light microscope. Computed tomography was also applied to determine the distribution of wood particles in PUR-WP materials. It was observed that the addition of WP to the open-cell PUR foam influences the kinetics of the foaming process of the PUR-WP composition and their morphology, density, compressive strength and thermal properties. The performed tests showed that the addition of WP at an the amount of 10% leads to the increase in the PUR foam’s compressive strength by 30% (parallel to foam’s growth direction) and reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient by 10%.

Preparation of open cell rigid polyurethane foams and modified with organo-kaolin

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-447
Author(s):  
Guojian Wang ◽  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Compressive Property ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Cell Opening

The open cell rigid polyurethane foam (ORPUF) was prepared by adding chemical cell openers including O-500 and AK-9903. The FTIR results of cell openers and open cell rate of ORPUFs showed that O-500 has more effective cell opening capacity. In the ORPUF foaming formulation using O-500 as cell opener, silane coupling agent (KH-550) modified kaolin (organo-kaolin) was introduced into ORPUF with different weight loadings. The cellular morphology, apparent density, and compressive strength of the foams were tested in order to investigate the effects of organo-kaolin on the open cell rate and compressive property of the foams. The results showed that the open cell rate of ORPUFs slightly increased from 83.9% to 92.9% with the content of organo-kaolin. Meanwhile, compared to neat ORPUF, the compressive strength of foams increased by 72.8% when the content of introduced organo-kaolin was 4 parts per hundred of polyol by mass (php).

scholarly journals A Pathway toward a New Era of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams—Influence of Bio-Polyols Derived from Used Cooking Oil on Foams Properties

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5161
Author(s):  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Elżbieta Malewska ◽  
Krzysztof Polaczek ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Joanna Kubacka
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
New Era ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Cooking Oils

In order to create greener polyurethane (PUR) foams, modified used cooking oils (UCO) were applied as starting resources for the synthesis of bio-polyols. The bio-polyols were produced using transesterification of UCO with diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG) and triethanolamine (UCO_TEA). Next, open-cell PUR foams were synthesized by replacing 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyol UCO_DEG or UCO_TEA. It was observed that an increasing bio-polyol content (up to 60%) led to an increase of the closed cell content. However, a further increase in the bio-polyol content up to 100% resulted in foam cell opening. The bio-foams obtained in the experiment had an apparent density of 13–18 kg/m3. The coefficient of thermal conductivity was determined at three different average temperatures: 10, 0 and −10 °C. The PUR bio-foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_TEA had lower values of thermal conductivity, regardless of the average temperature (35.99–39.57 mW/m·K) than the foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_DEG (36.95–43.78 mW/m·K). The compressive strength of most of the bio-foams was characterized by a higher value than the compressive strength of the reference material (without bio-polyol). Finally, it was observed that the bio-materials exhibited dimensional stability at 70 °C.

Development and Characterization of SS316L Foam Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Route

2014 ◽  
Vol 534 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazimah Mat Noor ◽  
Khairur Rijal Jamaluddin ◽  
Sufizar Ahmad ◽  
Rosdi Ibrahim ◽  
Noor Idayu Mad Rosip
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Replication Method

Open cell foams, made on the basis of polyurethane foams replication method are well known and had been widely used since decades. The advantage of the network-like metal foams is it exhibits a natural bone-like structure which enables ingrowth of bone cells and blood vessels. The aim of the present study is to develop SS316L foam with an open cell structure by using powder metallurgy routes via foam replication method. The SS316L slurry was produced by mixing SS316L powder with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Methylcellulose (CMC) and distilled water. The composition of the SS316L powder in the slurry was varied from 40 to 60 wt. %. Then, polymeric foam template was impregnated in SS316L slurry and dried at room temperature. Sintering was carried out in a high temperature vacuum furnace at 1300°C. The microstructure of the SS316L foam produced was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the elemental analysis was carried by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that pore size are within 200-400μm and the average pore size is 293μ. The detected elements in the SS316L foam were C, Al, Ca, O, Cr, Fe, Mo, Ni and Si.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of “Green Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams” with Reduced Flammability

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Hynek Beneš ◽  
Kamila Sałasińska ◽  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Elżbieta Malewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Triethyl Phosphate ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

This work presents the cell structure and selected properties of polyurethane (PUR) foams, based on two types of hydroxylated used cooking oil and additionally modified with three different flame retardants. Bio-polyols from municipal waste oil with different chemical structures were obtained by transesterification with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). Next, these bio-polyols were used to prepare open-cell polyurethane foams of very low apparent densities for thermal insulation applications. In order to obtain foams with reduced flammability, the PUR systems were modified with different amounts (10–30 parts per hundred polyol by weight—php) of flame retardants: TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), and DMPP (dimethyl propylphosphonate). The flame retardants caused a decrease of the PUR formulations reactivity. The apparent densities of all the foams were comparable in the range 12–15 kg/m3. The lowest coefficients of thermal conductivity were measured for the open-cell PUR foams modified with DMPP. The lowest values of heat release rate were found for the foams based on the UCO_TEA and UCO_DEG bio-polyols that were modified with 30 php of DMPP.

Effect of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in combination with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of rigid polyurethane foams

2021 ◽  
pp. 0021955X2110019
Author(s):  
Daifang Xu ◽  
Kejing Yu ◽  
Kun Qian ◽  
Weiguo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

RPUF with tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) alone, as well as their binary and ternary blends, were prepared via a one-step process. The effect of TCPP in combination with AHP and MPP on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition in the RPUF has been investigated. The results show that adding TCPP, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly ensure the uniform cell structure, enhance the compressive strength, thermal stability and fire resistance of RPUF, decrease the thermal conductivity, the release of toxic HCN at high temperature. TGA results indicate that partial substitution of TCPP with MPP and AHP could improve the char residue. When the content of TCPP is 10 wt%, the optimal ratio of MPP and DPER was 1/2, the TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample reached a V1 rating in vertical UL-94 test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.4%. The compressive strength and specific compressive strength (compressive strength/density) for TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample increased about 82.6% and 44.3% compared to that of pure RPUF, respectively. The cone calorimeter test results showed that adding EG, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly decrease the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke emission behavior of RPUF sample. Based on these facts, a potential flame-retardant mechanism was proposed.

LIGHTWEIGHT GEOPOLYMER WOOD COMPOSITE SYNTHESIZED FROM ALKALI-ACTIVATED FLY ASH AND METAKAOLIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Noorbaini Sarmin ◽  
Johannes Welling
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Geopolymer Matrix ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Alumino Silicate ◽  
Class F Fly Ash

This research paper presents the report on the use of wood particle as reinforcement to produce lightweight geopolymer wood composite. In this study, Class F fly ash and metakaolin used as alumino-silicate source were activated by alkaline activator and samples were cured at two different temperatures, 80°C and 20°C. Wood particle, 3 to 5 mm in size was added to fly ash/metakaolin based geopolymers for 10 – 60% solid content, and its influence on the compressive strength has been investigated. The microstructure investigation using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) illustrated fly ash; metakaolin and wood particle were embedded in a dense alumino-silicate matrix, though there was some unreacted phase occurred. The compressive strength of lightweight geopolymer matrix without wood particle added samples cured at 80°C temperature was 5.4 MPa which significantly increased 45% when the 10% wood particle were added. However, the addition of wood particle from 20 to 60% has not shown a major improvement in compressive strength.  It was found that the density of the lightweight geopolymer composite was decrease relevant to the amount of wood particles addition. It is suggested that wood particle are one of the potential candidates as reinforcement for lightweight geopolymer composite development.

High Strain Extension of Open-Cell Foams

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Mills ◽  
A. Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Bcc Lattice ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Open Cell Foams

The high strain tensile deformation of open-cell foams is analyzed, using a Kelvin foam lattice model. The stretching, bending, and twisting of elastic cell edges is analyzed, and the deformed cell shapes predicted. The stress-strain relation and Poisson’s ratio are predicted for strains up to 40% for tension in the [100] and [111] directions of the BCC lattice. The latter prediction is closest to stress-strain curves for polyurethane foams, especially when the cell shape anisotropy is taken into account. The change from edge bending to extension as the main deformation mechanisms, for strains exceeding 20% increases the slope of the stress-strain curve. A comparison is made with irregular cell structure models. [S0094-4289(00)01001-X]

scholarly journals Open-Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Peanut Shell-Derived Polyols Prepared under Different Post-Processing Conditions

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyu Zhang ◽  
Yumin Wu ◽  
Weisheng Chen ◽  
Dezhi Han ◽  
Xiaoqi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Open Cell ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Bio-based polyurethane materials with abundant open-cells have wide applications because of their biodegradability for addressing the issue of environmental conservation. In this work, open-cell rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared with bio-based polyols (BBPs) derived from the liquefaction of peanut shells under different post-processing conditions. The influences of the neutralization procedure and filtering operation for BBPs on the foaming behaviors, density, dimensional stability, water absorption, swelling ratio, compressive strength, and microstructure of RPUFs were investigated intensively. The results revealed that a small amount of sulfuric acid in the polyols exhibited a great impact on physical and chemical properties of RPUFs while the filtering operation for those polyols had a slight effect on the above properties. The RPUFs prepared from neutralized BBPs possessed higher water absorption, preferable dimensional stability and compression strength than that fabricated from the non-neutralized BBPs. Moreover, the prepared RPUFs exhibited preferable water absorption of 636–777%, dimensional stability of <0.5%, compressive strength of >200 KPa, lower swelling rate of ca. 1%, as well as uniform cell structure with superior open-cell rate, implying potential applications in floral foam.

scholarly journals Application of waste wood of processing in-dustries in the manufacture of construction materials with specific properties

10.12737/6294 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-229
Author(s):  
Ветошкин ◽  
Yuriy Vetoshkin ◽  
Яцун ◽  
Irina Yatsun ◽  
Шишкина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Wood Particles

Currently, the share of wood based materials with specific properties in total production is significant and it is increasing every year. Cre-ation of composite materials based on wood particles with the inclusion of their design of the various components allows to obtain mate-rials with specific properties. The Department of Mechanical wood processing of USFEU de-veloped a design of PLITOTREN material with specific properties (protection against X-ray radiation). The technological process of manufacturing the material is presented, basic physical and mechanical properties of the plate are obtained, and scope of the material, taking into account the specific properties is proposed.

SIFAT MEKANIK PAPAN GYPSUM DARI SERBUK LIMBAH KAYU NON KOMERSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saibatul Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Gypsum Board ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Artocarpus Elasticus ◽  
Ficus Glomerata

The purpose of this research is to know the mechanical strength of gypsum board by utilizing waste sawn wood. Raw materials used consist of flour, gypsum,wood particles, boraks and kambang (Goniothalamus sp), wood tarap (Artocarpus elasticus REINW) and lua (Ficus glomerata ROXB). Wood particle 40 mesh and 60 mesh, concentrations boraks of 1 and 2 and the percentage particles of gypsum sawn timber is 300, 400 and 500%. The results showed that the average value Modulus of Rufture (MoR) in lua wood ranges from 12.55 – 14,47 kgcm2, wood kambang 25.10-31,11 kgcm2 and wood tarap 19.20- 24,18 kgcm2. As for Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) on the lua 1129,80- 2092,70 kgcm2, wood kambang 2512,37-3971,32 kgcm2 and tarap 2050,63-2691,09 kgcm2. Gypsum board are mechanical properties do not meet quality standards created SNI 03-6434-2000.Keywords: sawdust, lua, kambang, tarap, gypsum, mechanical

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