scholarly journals Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in Migration and Mobility: Transnational Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Marie McAuliffe ◽  
Jenna Blower ◽  
Ana Beduschi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Development ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Systemic Risks ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in migration and mobility have incrementally expanded over recent years. Iterative approaches to AI deployment experienced a surge during 2020 and into 2021, largely due to COVID-19 forcing greater reliance on advanced digital technology to monitor, inform and respond to the pandemic. This paper critically examines the implications of intensifying digitalization and AI for migration and mobility systems for a post-COVID transnational context. First, it situates digitalization and AI in migration by analyzing its uptake throughout the Migration Cycle. Second, the article evaluates the current challenges and, opportunities to migrants and migration systems brought about by deepening digitalization due to COVID-19, finding that while these expanding technologies can bolster human rights and support international development, potential gains can and are being eroded because of design, development and implementation aspects. Through a critical review of available literature on the subject, this paper argues that recent changes brought about by COVID-19 highlight that computational advances need to incorporate human rights throughout design and development stages, extending well beyond technical feasibility. This also extends beyond tech company references to inclusivity and transparency and requires analysis of systemic risks to migration and mobility regimes arising from advances in AI and related technologies.

scholarly journals Developing robots: The need for an ethical framework

European View ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Leveringhaus
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Policy Level ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethical Approaches ◽  
Robotic Technologies

This article discusses the need for an ethical framework for emerging robotic technologies. The temptation, arguably driven by sci-fi treatments of artificial intelligence, is to ask whether future robots should be considered quasi-humans. This article argues that such sci-fi scenarios have little relevance for current technological developments in robotics, nor for ethical approaches to the subject: for the foreseeable future robots will merely be useful tools. In response to emerging robotic technologies, this article proposes an ethical framework that makes a commitment to human rights, human dignity and responsibility a central priority for those developing robots. At a policy level, this entails (1) assessing whether the use of particular robots would result in human rights violations and (2) creating adequate institutions through which human individuals can be held responsible for what robots do.

scholarly journals A14D

Federalism-E ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Mayowa Oluwasanmi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Economic Dependency

In the forefront of the fourth industrial revolution is Artificial intelligence, better known as “AI.”  As a frontier technology, AI is implementing deep and far-reaching changes into the way we work, play and live. These tools present numerous opportunities in solving issues of international development. Yet in spite of its infallible potential,  the negative repercussions of AI driven change have become abundantly clear. These consequences will only be exacerbated in the Global South where there is a greater tendency for weak institutional capacity and governance. AI has the potential to threaten employment, human rights, democratic process and worsen economic dependency. The very nature of these tools--the ability to codify and reproduce patterns--must be met with responsible, ethical actors who ensure developmental goals will be met. Is AI4D the answer? This paper will illustrate the opportunities and risks of AI-driven development. I argue that technology can no longer be considered an inherent equalizer, and that the responsibility for fairness in the digital world must be championed by the international community. Finally, I will present possible steps policymakers can take to ensure true development in our data-driven future. 

Emergency Cinema and the Dignified Image: Cell Phone Activism and Filmmaking in Syria

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Elias
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Digital Documents ◽  
Human Rights Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Recent Attention

While the proliferation of digital technology has expanded the capacity to document human rights violations and publicize them via cell phone, cloud, and social networks, raw footage of state-sponsored violence is often the subject of competing interpretations that multiply through their viral circulation. Accordingly, much recent attention has been placed on the evidentiary uncertainty that attends digital documents coming out of Syria. This article offers an alternative framework through which to think about the efficacy of images that circulate outside of state institutions and corporate media outlets. Focusing on works by Rabih Mroué, Ossama Mohammed, and the filmmaking collective Abounaddara, this article examines how the videos produced during the Syrian uprisings and war give rise to a critical reflection on cinematic truth and the medium's long-standing correlation with violence and death. The affective force of images that operate at the threshold of visibility unsettles the terms of both human rights practice and documentary filmmaking.

Cameras Everywhere Revisited: How Digital Technologies and Social Media Aid and Inhibit Human Rights Documentation and Advocacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Pessimism currently prevails around human rights globally, as well as about the impact of digital technology and social media in supporting rights. However, there have been key successes in the use of these tools for documentation and advocacy in the past decade, including greater participation, more documentation, and growth of new fields around citizen evidence and fact-finding. Governments and others antagonistic to human rights have caught up in terms of weaponizing the affordances of the internet and pushing back on rights actors. Key challenges to be grappled with are consistent with ones that have existed for a decade but are exacerbated now—how to protect and enhance safety of vulnerable people and provide agency over visibility and anonymity; how to ensure and improve trust and credibility of human rights documentation and advocacy campaigning; and how to identify and use new strategies that optimize for a climate of volume of media, declining trust in traditional sources, and active strategies of distraction and misinformation. All of these activities take place primarily within a set of platforms that are governed by commercial imperatives and attention-based algorithms, and that increasingly use unaccountable content moderation processes driven by artificial intelligence. The article argues for a pragmatic approach to harm reduction within the platforms and tools that are used by a diverse range of human rights defenders, and for a proactive engagement on ensuring that an inclusive human rights perspective is centred in responses to new challenges at a global level within a multipolar world as well as specific areas of challenge and opportunity such as fake news and authenticity, deepfakes, use of artificial intelligence to find and make sense of information, virtual reality, and how we ensure effective solidarity activism. Solutions and usages in these areas must avoid causing inadvertent as well as deliberate harms to already marginalized people.

scholarly journals HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FROM THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
DANIELA GONZÁLEZ IZA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Document Review ◽  
The Way

One of the most important changes in our era is the ones promoted by the digital technology, which has meant a challenge in the promotion of human rights. Not only do we talk about the vulnerability to privacy, but also the possible biases of algorithms and other risks that represent potential violations to human rights. International organizations, such as the United Nations, have taken this issue in their hands, although the lack of development of norms regarding digital technology and human rights. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the way the non-conventional and conventional mechanisms of the United Nations Human Rights System have treated this issue. Through a document review, some actions and interpretations made by these will be analyzed, in order to determine some opportunities and challenges in the way the United Nations has approached to this issue. Keywords: United Nations; Human rights; Digital technology

scholarly journals Falencias en derechos humanos en tiempos de pandemia del Coronavirus.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlenne Sánchez ◽  
Walter Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Key Words Human ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Migration

<p>En la incertidumbre de estar viviendo en tiempos de pandemia del COVID-19, nos preguntamos sobre qué está pasando en realidad, respecto a los derechos humanos en el discurso y en su aplicación por el Estado. Qué otra lectura podemos darle. Este ensayo tiene como objetivo motivar infinidad de interrogantes y deslizar distintas aristas de investigación científica vinculadas con la aparición mundial de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, desde la perspectiva de la vigencia y respeto de los derechos humanos, algunas de cuyas falencias han quedado expuestas principalmente en el Perú. Tras una contextualización inicial del tema, describimos la situación mundial en general y de nuestro país en particular, relacionada con la aparición y expansión de la enfermedad infecciosa llamada COVID-19; en cuyo examen y realidad se advierten insolvencias en la vigencia y observancia de algunos derechos humanos. Éstos se derivan de problemas de estructura social y económica del país, que ahora se agudizan dentro de la situación inédita a la que nos ha llevado el COVID-19. La desigualdad de oportunidades, la informalidad, la pobreza y la migración entre otras condiciones, repercuten en la salud y la vida del más vulnerable y necesitado en nuestro país.</p><p>Palabras clave: Derechos humanos, coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemia.</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p>In the uncertainty of living in these times of COVID-19 pandemic, we wonder about what is really happening, regarding human rights in the discourse and its application by the State. What other reading can we give it. The objective of this essay is to motivate an infinity of questions and to bring different edges of scientific research linked to the worldwide appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, from the perspective of the validity and respect of human rights, some of whose shortcomings have remained mainly exposed in Peru. After an initial contextualization of the subject, we describe the world situation in general and our country in particular, related to the appearance and spread of the infectious disease called COVID-19; in whose examination and reality there are insolvencies in the validity and observance of some human rights. These stem from problems of the country's social and economic structure, which are now becoming more acute within the unprecedented situation that COVID-19 has brought us to. The inequality of opportunities, informality, poverty and migration, among other conditions, affect the health and life of the most vulnerable and needy in our country.</p><p>Key words: Human rights, coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic.</p>

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION AND THE INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-668
Author(s):  
G.G. Kamalova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Further Development

The article discusses the issues of further development of the human rights system in the context of digital transformation and modern scientific and technological progress. It is noted that at present there is an evolution of human rights, the peculiarities of their implementation, the formation of new ones. The right to access the Internet has been recognized in a number of foreign countries. In Russia, digital rights, the "right to oblivion" and other rights have been legally enshrined. It is proved that at present there is a transition to the next level of both understanding of recognized rights and freedoms, the peculiarities of their implementation, and the formation of new rights that are unthinkable in the so-called pre-digital era. As the most significant factor in the evolution of human rights, the introduction of artificial intelligence systems and biotechnologies is highlighted, which will change not only society and the state, but also the daily life of a person and his essence, which will require the modernization of the conceptual established provisions of law, including the understanding of the subject who possesses them. Modernity allows us to state the accomplished symbiosis of man and technology, which is increasingly called a cyborg in law. At the same time, it should be recognized that the legal aspects of cyborgization are still poorly studied. The experience of legal regulation of relations connected with the introduction of digital technological solutions into the human body is not enough. The author believes that the preliminary regulation in this area should be to a certain extent ahead of the curve, and without a scientific understanding of the emerging legal problems, it is difficult to develop a balanced legal regulation.

Cybersecurity and its discontents: Artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital misinformation

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex S Wilner
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Smart Cars ◽  
Digital Landscape ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Way

The future of cybersecurity is in flux. Artificial intelligence challenges existing notions of security, human rights, and governance. Digital misinformation campaigns leverage fabrications and mistruths for political and geostrategic gain. And the Internet of Things—a digital landscape in which billions of wireless objects from smart fridges to smart cars are tethered together—provides new means to distribute and conduct cyberattacks. As technological developments alter the way we think about cybersecurity, they will likewise broaden the way governments and societies will have to learn to respond. This policy brief discusses the emerging landscape of cybersecurity in Canada and abroad, with the intent of informing public debate and discourse on emerging cyber challenges and opportunities.

“The heart above the ruins”: Miriam Waddington’s Poetry, the Spanish Civil War, and Jewish Canadian Literature

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Robins Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Literature ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Subject ◽  
War Consequences

The Jewish Canadian writer Miriam Waddington returned repeatedly to the subject of the Spanish Civil War, searching for hope amid the ruins of Spanish democracy. The conflict, a prelude to World War II, inspired an outpouring of literature and volunteerism. My paper argues for Waddington’s unique poetic perspective, in which she represents the Holocaust as the Spanish Civil War’s outgrowth while highlighting the deeply personal repercussions of the war – consequences for women, for the earth, and for community. Waddington’s poetry connects women’s rights to human rights, Canadian peace to European war, and Jewish persecution to Spanish carnage.

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