scholarly journals Neutrino Telescopes and High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Palladino ◽  
Maurizio Spurio ◽  
Francesco Vissani
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Terrestrial Atmosphere ◽  
Icecube Detector ◽  
Cosmic Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Astrophysics

In this review paper, we present the main aspects of high-energy cosmic neutrino astrophysics. We begin by describing the generic expectations for cosmic neutrinos, including the effects of propagation from their sources to the detectors. Then we introduce the operating principles of current neutrino telescopes, and examine the main features (topologies) of the observable events. After a discussion of the main background processes, due to the concomitant presence of secondary particles produced in the terrestrial atmosphere by cosmic rays, we summarize the current status of the observations with astrophysical relevance that have been greatly contributed by IceCube detector. Then, we examine various interpretations of these findings, trying to assess the best candidate sources of cosmic neutrinos. We conclude with a brief perspective on how the field could evolve within a few years.

scholarly journals Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Origin, Composition and Spectrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Roberto Aloisio
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Secondary Particles

The physics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays will be reviewed, discussing the latest experimental results and theoretical models aiming at explaining the observations in terms of spectra, mass composition and possible sources. It will be also discussed the emission of secondary particles such as neutrinos and gamma rays produced by the interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with astrophysical photon backgrounds. The content of the present proceeding paper is mainly based on the review papers [1, 2].

scholarly journals IceCube: A Kilometer-Scale Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 949-950
Author(s):  
Francis Halzen
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
South Pole ◽  
Neutrino Detector ◽  
The South ◽  
High Energy Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
Diversity Of Science

AbstractSolving the century-old puzzle of how and where cosmic rays are accelerated mostly drives the design of high-energy neutrino telescopes. It calls, along with a diversity of science goals reaching particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, for the construction of a kilometer-scale neutrino detector. This led to the IceCube concept to transform a kilometer cube of transparent Antarctic Ice, one mile below the South Pole, into a neutrino telescope.

scholarly journals ICECUBE OBSERVATORY: NEUTRINOS AND THE ORIGIN OF COSMIC RAYS

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (A) ◽  
pp. 770-775
Author(s):  
Paolo Desiati
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Galactic Sources ◽  
Astrophysical Neutrino

The completed IceCube Observatory, the first km<sup>3</sup> neutrino telescope, is already providing the most stringent limits on the flux of high energy cosmic neutrinos from point-like and diffuse galactic and extra-galactic sources. The non-detection of extra-terrestrial neutrinos has important consequences on the origin of the cosmic rays. Here the current status of astrophysical neutrino searches, and of the observation of a persistent cosmic ray anisotropy above 100TeV, are reviewed.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SALSA, A SALTDOME SHOWER ARRAY AS A GZK NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 252-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
DAVID SALTZBERG ◽  
Katsushi Arisaka ◽  
Ron Bain ◽  
Steven Barwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Shower Array

The observed spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays virtually guarantees the presence of ultra-high energy neutrinos due to their interaction with the cosmic microwave background. Every one of these neutrinos will point back to its source and, unlike cosmic rays, will arrive at the Earth unattenuated, from sources perhaps as distant as z =20. The neutrino telescopes currently under construction, should discover a handful of these events, probably too few for detailed study. In this talk I will describe how an array of VHF and UHF antennas embedded in a large salt dome, SalSA (Saltdome Shower Array) promises to yield a teraton detector (> 500 km3-sr) for contained neutrino events with energies above 1017 eV. Our simulations show that such a detector may observe several hundreds of these neutrinos over its lifetime. Our simulations also show how such interactions will provide high energy physicists with an energy frontier for weak interactions an order-of-magnitude larger than that of the LHC. The flavor ID capalities of SALSA, combined with the extreme L/E of these neutrinos, will provide a window on neutrino oscillations and decay times eight orders of magnitude higher than laboratory experiments. In addition to the latest simulation results, we describe progress on detectors and site selection.

ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (13n16) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERRE SOKOLSKY
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Stanford Linear Accelerator ◽  
Fluorescence Efficiency ◽  
Absolute Energy ◽  
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

We describe the current status of the High Resolution Fly's Eye detector. Recent results indicate that the UHE cosmic ray spectrum exhibits significant structure near 1019 eV. A few events are seen beyond 1020 eV in contradiction to the AGASA ground array claim of no cut-off. The composition of the cosmic rays is found to change from a predominantly heavy to a predominantly light mixture between and 1017 and 1018 eV. No evidence for anisotropy, on either small scales or large scales is found, in contradiction to AGASA. Systematic errors and absolute energy scale issues are now being carefully considered to see how to partially resolve this discrepancy. A new experiment(FLASH) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) to measure the Nitrogen fluorescence efficiency more precisely is described.

scholarly journals The Era of Kilometer-Scale Neutrino Detectors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Halzen ◽  
Uli Katz
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
Neutrino Detectors ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
Neutrino Fluxes

Neutrino astronomy beyond the Sun was first imagined in the late 1950s; by the 1970s, it was realized that kilometer-scale neutrino detectors were required. The first such instrument, IceCube, transforms a cubic kilometer of deep and ultra-transparent Antarctic ice into a particle detector. KM3NeT, an instrument that aims to exploit several cubic kilometers of the deep Mediterranean sea as its detector medium, is in its final design stages. The scientific missions of these instruments include searching for sources of cosmic rays and for dark matter, observing Galactic supernova explosions, and studying the neutrinos themselves. Identifying the accelerators that produce Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays has been a priority mission of several generations of high-energy gamma-ray and neutrino telescopes; success has been elusive so far. Detecting the gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes associated with cosmic rays reaches a new watershed with the completion of IceCube, the first neutrino detector with sensitivity to the anticipated fluxes. In this paper, we will first revisit the rationale for constructing kilometer-scale neutrino detectors. We will subsequently recall the methods for determining the arrival direction, energy and flavor of neutrinos, and will subsequently describe the architecture of the IceCube and KM3NeT detectors.

scholarly journals The Antares And Km3Net Neutrino Telescopes: Status And Outlook For Acoustic Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Véronique Van Elewyck
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Flux ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
Mass Hierarchy ◽  
Neutrino Mass Hierarchy ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
Cosmic Neutrino ◽  
Under Construction

The ANTARES detector has been operating continuously since 2007 in the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating the feasibility of an undersea neutrino telescope. Its superior angular resolution in the reconstruction of neutrino events of all flavors results in unprecedented sensitivity for neutrino source searches in the southern sky at TeV energies, so that valuable constraints can be set on the origin of the cosmic neutrino flux discovered by theIceCube detector. The next generation KM3NeT neutrino telescope is now under construction, featuring two detectors with the same technology but different granularity: ARCA designed to search for high energy (TeV-PeV) cosmic neutrinos and ORCA designed to study atmospheric neutrino oscillations at the GeV scale, focusing on the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy. Both detectors use acoustic devices for positioning calibration, and provide testbeds for acoustic neutrino detection.

scholarly journals Propagation and energy deposition of cosmic rays’ muons on terrestrial environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciole Marinho ◽  
Laura Paulucci ◽  
Douglas Galante
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Flux ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

AbstractThe Earth is constantly struck by radiation coming from the interstellar medium. The very low energy end of the spectrum is shielded by the geomagnetic field but charged particles with energies higher than the geomagnetic cutoff will penetrate the atmosphere and are likely to interact, giving rise to secondary particles. Some astrophysical events, such as γ-ray bursts and supernovae, when happening at short distances, may affect the planet's biosphere, due to the temporary enhanced radiation flux. Muons are abundantly produced by high-energy cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere. These particles, due to their low cross-section, are able to penetrate deep both underground and underwater, with the possibility of affecting biological niches normally considered shielded from radiation. We investigate the interaction of muons produced by high-energy cosmic rays on the Earth's atmosphere using the Geant4 toolkit. We analyse its penetration power in water and crust and also the interaction effects within bacteria-like material according to the particle type and energy, and noticed the possibility of off-track damage due to secondary particles.

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