scholarly journals Teknik Diagnostik Konvensional dan Lanjutan Untuk Pemeriksaan Mikrobiologi pada Infeksi Nosokomial di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Maharani Pertiwi K. ◽  
◽  
Ayu Slatim Maifanda ◽  
Amalia Ayu Febrianti ◽  
Nabila Ina Zahra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Microbiological Examination ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Pcr Techniques

Introduction: Nosocomial infections are infections caused by microbial such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.that are acquired during the process of receiving health care. Diagnostic techniques for the examination of nosocomial infections play an important role in determining the accuracy of the infection of microorganisms causing infectious agents, so that the treatment given can be appropriate and minimize drug resistance. Purpose: This literature review is structured to provide an overview of diagnostic techniques fornosokomialinfection using conventional and advanced methods. Methods: The preparation of this review is based on the development of diagnostic techniques in the medical laboratory. Results: Conventional diagnostic techniques are generally carried out bymeans of culture on artificial media, macroscopic observations and biochemical tests. Further tests that can be applied are serological tests, antigen tests, and molecular tests such as PCR techniques. Conclusion: Conventional diagnostic techniques for microbiological examination of nosococomial infections require further tests to help establish a rapid and accurate diagnosis.

scholarly journals Investigation on Brucella infection in farm animals in Saham, Sultanate of Oman with reference to human brucellosis outbreak

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin ElTahir ◽  
Anfal Al-Farsi ◽  
Waleed Al-Marzooqi ◽  
Alghalya Al-Toobi ◽  
Osman M. Gaafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The Status ◽  
Bronchial Lymph Node

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to investigate Brucella infection in farm animals in Saham, Oman, with reference to a survey carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries (MAF) for Brucellosis during the period of May to July 2016 in Saham, following an outbreak of human brucellosis. We wanted to apply different serological, bacteriological and molecular tests in a time frame (phase 1, 2 & 3) with reference to the pivotal time of a human brucellosis outbreak to ascertain the status of the disease in Saham area where the MAF survey was conducted. Blood samples were collected from farm animals and sera were screened in parallel for Brucella antibodies using different serological tests. Results Using the RBT test, phase 1 sera showed seropositivity in sheep at 2.6%, (95% CI: 0.5–13.5%), in camel (5.9%, 1.1–27.0%), but not in sera from goats and cattle (0%). Using I-ELISA, seropositivity in goat was 3.1% (0.6–15.8%), with no positive sheep and cattle. Using c-ELISA for camel we found a seropositivity of 5.9% (1.1–27.0%). Furthermore, CFT seropositivity in goats was 21.9% (CI: 11.3–38.9), cattle and sheep sera were negative and camel was 5.9% (1.1–27.0%). In phase 2, the seropositivity in goats was 1.9% (1.4–2.6%), sheep 4.5% (3.5–5.8%), cattle 1.1%, (0.5–2.3%) and camels 18.2% (5.1–47.7%), Phase 3 sera were collected 6 months after the human brucellosis outbreak. With RBT, the seropositivity in goats was 3% (1.0–8.5%), sheep 2% (0.6–7.1%) cattle 1% (0.2–5.5%). With I-ELISA, goats & camels were negative, sheep were 3% (1.0–8.5%) and cattle 1% (0.2–5.5%). Moreover, B. melitensis was isolated from a bronchial lymph node of the RBT and I-ELISA seropositive cow and confirmed by Multiplex PCR and biochemical tests. Conclusion Using a retrospective study analysis of animal sera and following up after a human brucellosis outbreak, the present study showed a slight decrease in seropositivity of infected animals after the MAF implemented test and slaughter policy. The most interesting finding in this study was the isolation, identification and molecular characterization of Brucella melitensis in a cow (spillover), which is not a preferential host for Brucella melitensis.

Fungal Diagnostics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shila Seaton ◽  
Rohini J. Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Circulating Antigens

The field of fungal diagnostics encompasses tests that are performed to help diagnose fungal disease, guide its management, and or monitor the effectiveness of its treatment. For some superficial skin and yeast infections, a clinical examination of the patient combined with microscopic examination of the sample may be sufficient to determine that fungal disease is present, even if the specific fungal pathogen is not identified. For deep- seated and systemic infections, a combination of diagnostic tests may be required in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis. These include microscopy to detect fungal elements, culture, detection of circulating antigens and antibodies, and molecular tests. More recently, molecular and proteomic approaches have increasingly dominated the conventional identification of pathogenic yeasts and, to some extent, filamentous fungi, since traditional methods are time consuming. More importantly, conventional methodologies have failed to identify common organisms that display uncharacteristic profiles, or fungal pathogens that are rarely encountered. The ‘gold standard’ for the definitive diagnosis of fungal disease is histology or culture of the fungal pathogen from a clinical specimen. A specimen will routinely be inoculated onto several different types of media, and then incubated at specific conditions and temperatures for up to twenty-one days. Media plates will be examined periodically for growth, and staff will try to identify the fungus using both macroscopic and microscopic morphologies. The few biochemical tests available, e.g. the urease test, can be helpful in identification, most often for yeast species. Microscopy of fungal isolates, histopathological examination of tissue, and fungal specific stains play fundamental roles in the diagnosis of infection for the variety of fungi that cause disease. The most common stain for identifying fungal elements from a cultured isolate is lactophenol fuschin/aniline blue stain. Figure 10.1 depicts the fruiting body (conidiophore) of Aspergillus fumigatus species complex, the most prevalent fungal species responsible for invasive aspergillosis (IA) in severely immunocompromised individuals. Figure 10.2 illustrates the phenotype of a three-day old colony. Serological tests are beneficial when non-culture based diagnosis of fungal disease is required. Complement fixation is predominantly used to diagnose endemic mycoses, e.g. coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.

Validity of a Serological Diagnostic Kit for SARS-CoV-2 Available in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Shamsollahi ◽  
Mostafa Amini ◽  
Shaban Alizadeh ◽  
Saharnaz Nedjat ◽  
Ali Akbari-Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Epidemic Size ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Negative Controls

Background: The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic broke out in December 2019 and is now characterized as a pandemic. Effective control of this infectious disease requires access to diagnostic techniques, for both case finding and epidemic size estimation. The molecular technique is routinely used worldwide. Although it is the "standard" case detection and management method, it has its own shortcomings. Thus, some easy-to-use rapid serological tests have been developed. Methods: One hundred and fourteen positive RT-PCR-diagnosed patients were tested by VivaDiag Kit, a brand of rapid serological kits available in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Frozen serum specimens taken from healthy people in summer and fall 2019 were also tested as negative controls. Results: Test sensitivity was 47.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.8-56.9) for IgM and 47.0% (95% CI: 38.0–56.0) for IgG. There was no difference between IgG and IgM seropositivity except in one case. Specificity was calculated as 99.0% (95% CI: 96.4–99.9) for IgM and of 100.0% (95% CI: 0.98.2–100.0) for IgG. Sensitivity was higher in men and older participants. Conclusion: This test can be used for epidemiological investigations, especially for the estimation of the level of infection in the community, after it is properly corrected for sensitivity and specificity. The low sensitivity could be attributed to the technical limitations of the kit or low levels of antibodies after infection. The different sensitivity in age and sex groups supports the hypothesis that different people show different immune responses to this virus.

scholarly journals Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Davide Mugetti ◽  
Mattia Tomasoni ◽  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Giuseppe Esposito ◽  
Vasco Menconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Mycobacterium Fortuitum ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
The Individual

The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, allowing to identify the strains at species level. Phylogenetic analysis substantially confirmed what was obtained by gene sequencing, except for six strains; this is probably due to the sequences present in NCBI database. Although the methodology used cannot represent a univocal identification system, this study has allowed us to evaluate its effectiveness as regards the species of MFG. Future studies will be necessary to apply these methods with other gene fragments and to clarify the real pathogenic significance of the individual species of this group of microorganisms.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobin Thomas ◽  
Ana Balseiro ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
María A. Risalde
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Ongoing Research

AbstractAnimal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.

scholarly journals Systematic Review into Diagnostics for Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Adams ◽  
Inge Versteeg ◽  
Mariska M. G. Leeflang
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Study Quality ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Valid Estimate ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Control Designs

Identification of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is important due to the long and toxic treatment and the fact that PKDL patients may serve as a reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We summarized the published literature about the accuracy of diagnostic tests for PKDL. We searched Medline for eligible studies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of any test for PKDL. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Data were extracted from 21 articles including 43 separate studies. Twenty-seven studies evaluated serological tests (rK39 dipstick, ELISA, DAT, and leishmanin tests), six studies molecular tests, eight microscopy, and two cultures. Only a few of these studies reported a valid estimate of diagnostic accuracy, as most were case-control designs or used a reference standard with low sensitivity. The included studies were very heterogeneous, for example, due to a large variety of reference standards used. Hence, no summary estimates of sensitivity or specificity could be made. We recommend well-designed diagnostic accuracy trials that evaluate, side-by-side, all currently available diagnostics, including clinical symptoms, serological, antigen, molecular, and parasitological tests and possible use of statistical modelling to evaluate diagnostics when there is no suitable gold standard.

scholarly journals Identification through Culture and Molecular Methods of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus in Surface Waters in Rasht

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Keyvan Roshanjo ◽  
Nematallah Jonaidi Jafari ◽  
Leila Asadpour ◽  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Davoud Afshar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Campylobacter Fetus

Backgrounds: As zoonotic infectious agents, Campylobacter spp. are important factors causing gastroenteritis in humans. Surveys show that the three strains; Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus play a major role in human infections. Identification of these infectious agents is valuable for sanitary control of disease transmission through water resources. Objectives: The aim of this study was identification and molecular diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus in surface waters in Rasht. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 samples of surface water in Rasht collected according to water health guidelines. After culture and biochemical tests on collected samples, detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus was done using sequence-specific amplification by Multiplex PCR. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: Out of 45 samples tested, 6 were positive in culture, four of which were identified as Campylobacter jejuni after biochemical tests. Using Multiplex PCR, 8 samples were positive, from which 3 were Campylobacter jejuni, 1 Campylobacter coli and 4 were positive for both Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. All the samples did not yield C. fetus. Conclusions: Multiplex PCR is regarded a diagnostic method with higher sensitivity and specificity than compared to methods for Campylobacter. The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in surface waters in Rasht is considerable. Therefore, public health measures for the control of these organisms are recommended.

scholarly journals THE SERO-CONVERSION AND EVALUATION OF RENAL ALTERATIONS IN DOGS INFECTED BY Leishmania (Infantum) chagasi

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Brenda Barros Alves ◽  
Lucilene dos Santos Silva ◽  
Joilson Ferreira Batista ◽  
Ângela Piauilino Campos ◽  
Maria das Graças Prianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Conversion Period

This study investigated the sero-conversion period in which dogs from endemic areas test positive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as well as the early post-infection period in which renal alterations are observed. Dogs that were initially negative for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) were clinically evaluated every three months by serological, parasitological and biochemical tests until sero-conversion was confirmed, and six months later a subsequent evaluation was performed. Samples of kidney tissues were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s trichrome stain and lesions were classified based on the WHO criteria. Of the 40 dogs that initially tested negative for VL, 25 (62.5%) exhibited positive serological tests during the study period. Of these 25 dogs, 15 (60%) tested positive within three months, five (20%) tested positive within six months and five (20%) tested positive within nine months. The dogs exhibited antibody titers between 1:40 and 1:80 and 72% of the dogs exhibited clinical symptoms. The Leishmania antigen was present in the kidneys of recently infected dogs. We found higher levels of total protein and globulin as well as lower levels of albumin in the infected dogs when compared to the control dogs. Additionally, infected dogs presented levels of urea and creatinine that were higher than those of the uninfected dogs. Glomerulonephritis was detected in some of the dogs examined in this study. These data suggest that in Teresina, the sero-conversion for VL occurs quickly and showed that the infected dogs presented abnormal serum proteins, as well as structural and functional alterations in the kidneys during the early post-infection period.

Serological and molecular survey of Trypanosoma evansi in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Maiduguri, North-east, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
S.A. Mamman ◽  
G. Abongaby ◽  
O. Salami ◽  
J.P. Yidawi ◽  
D.A. Dakul
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Variable Surface ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Pcr Techniques

To date, camels still remain an important work animal as well as source of protein to humans in the Sudan and Sahel regions of Nigeria. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 camels slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi using Card Agglutination Test (CATT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. Overall, 30 (20%) of the camels tested were seropositive while PCR targeting the 227 base pair of the Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) gene of T. evansi detected the DNA of the parasite in 9 out of the 30seropositive camels. Higher infection was found among adult compared to the young camels using the two diagnostic techniques; 24.1% vs 19.0% and 10.3% vs 4.6%, for CATT and PCR techniques, respectively. However, the differences being not statistically significant (P > 0.05) for the two methods of diagnosis. Furthermore, significantly (P < 0.05)higher prevalence of infection was recorded among male compared to female camels using the serological method of diagnosis, while (P > 0.05) using the molecular method; 27.5% vs 13.6% for CATT and 10.1% vs 2.5% for PCR. Camels with PCV =24 %( mean: 19.8923 ± 4.0931) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of 23.1% than those with PCV = 25% (mean 31.7294 ± 5.50584), where the prevalence was 17.6%.The results of this study showed that camel trypanosomosis is endemic in the study area.  Furtherstudiesto elucidate the epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of this disease in the northeast region of Nigeria are desirable. Keywords:Serology, PCR, Dromedary camel, T.evansi, Maiduguri

scholarly journals Advances in Viral Diagnostic Technologies for Combating COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-521
Author(s):  
Ninghao Zhu ◽  
Pak Kin Wong
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Single Molecule Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies ◽  
Global Population

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatens the health of the global population and challenges our preparedness for pandemic threats. Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses and other viruses have suggested the importance of diagnostic technologies in fighting viral outbreaks. Nucleic acid detection techniques are the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Viral antigen tests and serological tests that detect host antibodies have also been developed for studying the epidemiology of COVID-19 and estimating the population that may have immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the availability, cost, and performance of existing viral diagnostic technologies limit their practicality, and novel approaches are required for improving our readiness for global pandemics. Here, we review the principles and limitations of major viral diagnostic technologies and highlight recent advances of molecular assays for COVID-19. In addition, we discuss emerging technologies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems, high-throughput sequencing, and single-cell and single-molecule analysis, for improving our ability to understand, trace, and contain viral outbreaks. The prospects of viral diagnostic technologies for combating future pandemic threats are presented.

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