Women Entrepreneurship in MENA and Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-51
Author(s):  
Işın Çetin ◽  
Hilal Yıldırır Keser
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Spatial Econometric Models ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Influence

Women entrepreneurs greatly benefit from the development of economies on both the local and national level. They employ themselves as well as people in the community. Today, microcredit, as part of the microfinance system, has become one of the most successful economic development tools for aid agencies and non-governmental organizations all over the world. Within this framework, this chapter discusses 1) the importance of women to economic development; 2) the significance of microfinance practices for women's empowerment; and 3) the specific influence of microcredit on women's empowerment in Asian and European countries, as determined by spatial econometric analysis with respect to different microfinance variables for the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) and European zones. Using data from 1990-2016, and employing panel spatial econometric models to analyze the changes in women's empowerment over the years, the study has observed that the microfinance indicators are statistically and economically effective in promoting women empowerment in both MENA and European regions.

scholarly journals Donor-Funded Women’s Empowerment in Tajikistan: Trajectories of Women’s NGOs and Changing Attitudes to the International Agenda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Kluczewska
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Empowerment Model

AbstractThis article investigates internationally funded women’s empowerment initiatives in Tajikistan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent Tajik civil war (1992–1997), this newly independent, Muslim-majority country has experienced an influx of foreign aid, including in the field of women’s rights. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the article analyzes the growth and diversification of local, Western-funded women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs) between 1991 and 2020, paying attention to their leadership and aims, as well as changing perceptions of donors’ interventions. It is argued that, initially, local activists were supportive of international projects, which promoted gender equality by supporting women’s integration into the new, capitalist economy. In the last decade, however, an increasing conditionality of funding and deteriorating donor-NGO relations has fueled local contestations of the international agenda. The donor-enhanced women’s empowerment model, which fosters individual responsibility and self-reliance, is increasingly criticized for aggravating the conditions of local women in the context of a growing economic insecurity characterizing the local capitalist economy. Against this resentment, an alternative women’s empowerment model, advancing gender equity based on complementarity of male and female social roles and stressing the importance of family as a safety net against economic precarity, is gaining prominence locally.

Waiting or Acting? The Gender Gap in International Football Success

2021 ◽  
pp. 101269022110607
Author(s):  
Ignacio Lago ◽  
Santiago Lago-Peñas ◽  
Carlos Lago-Peñas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
General Question ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Women's Football

The conditions under which women's national football teams do better or worse in international tournaments remains an open question. Using data from 116 countries worldwide, we have examined three arguments accounting for the gender gap in international football success, focusing on positive externalities from economic development and women's empowerment, and the active policies promoting women's football. Our findings show that the international performance of women's national football teams compared to men's national football teams increases with women's empowerment and in countries committed to the promotion of women's football, while economic development is not relevant. The general question we address is whether gender gaps disappear because of economic and social development, or if active policies promoting women are required to achieve gender equality.

The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Women's Empowerment

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Duygu Acar Erdur
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Psychological Empowerment ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Rights Issue

This chapter discusses the role of social entrepreneurship in one of the long-lasting challenges of all cultures, women's empowerment. Empowering women is critical for development, and more importantly, it's a human rights issue. However, especially in developing country contexts, governments, international and non-governmental organizations may fall short to address the issue effectively. In this respect, social entrepreneurship may be an alternative to offer inclusive solutions. This chapter aims to generate a deeper understanding of how social entrepreneurship creates social value about women's empowerment. Following the qualitative methodology, a successful entrepreneurial initiative in Turkey, Çöp(m)adam is examined. Findings demonstrate that Çöp(m)adam contributes to both women's economic and psychological empowerment.

scholarly journals Cost Recovery and Donor Dependency Status of LI-BIRD

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Pathak
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
To Come ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Audit Reports

There is significant growth in a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Nepal since the 1990s. However, there is lacking of research in the area of financial sustainability of such NGOs. This paper attempts to deal with this issue through a case study of a single NGO. Using data extracted from audit reports and financial statements of the period of fiscal year 2007/08 –2016/017, this paper examines the cost recovery and donor dependency status of LI-BIRD, a national level NGO in Nepal. Financial ratios, trend analysis and regression model have been used to analyze the data. The paper concludes that there is an increasing trend in the total revenue and total expenditure of LI-BIRD. It is able to recover the overall cost only if donors' grants are included in its income sources. If donors' grants are excluded from the total income, its cost recovery ratio is only 51 percent. LI-BIRD has been highly dependent on donors' grants and its dependency ratio has slightly increased during the study period. The implication of the finding is that LI-BIRD should focus on its internal resource generation programs like seed unit, lab unit, and other cost effective units to come out of the vicious cycle of donor dependency and to stand alone without the support (or with less support) of donors. For this, policymakers should also provide the necessary legal basis to generate funds and legitimate income-producing endeavors.

scholarly journals Inequalities in women’s empowerment and prevalence of HIV in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Shri Kant Singh ◽  
Deepanjali Vishwakarma ◽  
Bhawana Sharma ◽  
Santosh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Sexual Rights ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Over the years, there has been growing evidence of continuous narrowing gender gap in new HIV infections, despite stagnation in overall HIV prevalence in India. Among others, one of the reasons behind the exiting pattern in HIV/AIDS in the country is the poor status of women, lack of control over their sexuality and poor reproductive and sexual rights.Methods: This paper analyses the troika of women’s empowerment, spousal-violence, and HIV prevalence in India using data from two rounds (2005-2006 and 2015-2016) of Indian DHS having a community-based HIV testing.Results: Results corroborate the recent spurts in women’s empowerment in India, which cuts across socio-economic groups. It has positively influenced a decline in spousal-violence even in the lowest socio-economic strata despite significant inequality across states. HIV prevalence among women has not been changed over the last decade (0.22% to 0.23%) despite decreased adult HIV prevalence. Women having control over their sexuality is significantly less likely to have HIV infection. Relationship between marital control behavior of husband and HIV prevalence, which was significant in 2005-06 (OR=1.2, p<0.10), has emerged to be insignificant in 2015-16. This means that increasing women's empowerment has altered their HIV prevalence through increasing sexual-rights and reducing the intensity of marital control behavior.Conclusions: A combative relationship has been established between women’s empowerment and their risk of HIV/AIDS. The results have been consistently showing the variations of inequality in women’s empowerment across different states, consequently affecting the risk of HIV/AIDS. Ensuring sexual-rights of women should be the best strategy.

scholarly journals Influence of Social Capital on Livelihood Outcomes for the Internally Displaced Persons in Kenya: A Social Capital Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Nkonge Kiboro
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Essential Services

Social capital is increasingly recognized as important in influencing economic development, establishment of safe neighborhoods and wellfunctioning communities. There is growing evidence that communities with relatively higher stocks of social capital in form of grassroots associations appear to achieve higher levels of growth compared to societies with low stocks of social capital. This study sought to investigate the influence of social Capital on the livelihood outcomes for the internally displaced persons in Kenya. Membership to local level associations was used as a predictor of social capital. The study revealed that majority of the households that were affiliated to local level associations obtained essential services that influenced their livelihoods positively. Overall, the findings reveal that memberships in local associations (social capital) tend to insulate households from risks and other exigencies. The study recommends that government and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations should formulate projects and programs that seek to promote wider participation in local level associations particularly by the poor and those whose livelihoods are vulnerable.

scholarly journals Kepentingan Dan Peran Aktor Dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Di Desa Pulau Pahawang Kecamatan Marga Punduh Kabupaten Pesawaran

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Iga Yulia Mustika ◽  
Asihing Kustanti ◽  
Rudi Hilmanto
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
National Level ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Biodiversity Education ◽  
Fire Wood

Mangrove forest has physical, biological/ecological and social-economics functions. Mangrove forest at Pulau Pahawang Village, Marga Punduh, Subdistrict Pesawaran has many functions which causes many interest of actors. This research was aimed to identify and maping the role of actors interest. This research was conducted on August until October 2015, by using key informant namely agencies village, local communities, public figure, related department and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO).             The result showed that there was six important aspect namely the existence of the green belt, kind of variety (biodiversity), education facilities, fire wood, non-timber forest product, and tourist facilities. Pulau Pahawang Village has three quadrant matrix interest, quadrant subject has State Ministry of The Environment. Quadrant keyplayers has Department of Forestry and Estate Crops, Mangrove Protected Area Management Agency (BPDPM), and Mitra Bentala as NGOs. Quadrant crowd has Development Planning Agency in Sub-National Level, Land Agency, Department of Maritime and Fisheries Affairs, Regional House of Representatives, and local. Keyword : actor interest, mangrove forest, Pulau Pahawang, role of actor

scholarly journals Biodiversity trends in Europe: development and testing of a species trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 target

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1454) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
M de Heer ◽  
V Kapos ◽  
B.J.E ten Brink
Keyword(s):  
Population Declines ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Species Population ◽  
2010 Target ◽  
Biogeographical Region ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Existing Data

This paper presents a trial of a species population trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target in Europe, using existing data. The indicator integrates trends on different species (groups), and can be aggregated across habitats and countries. Thus, the indicator can deliver both headline messages for high-level decision-making and detailed information for in-depth analysis, using data from different sources, collected with different methods. International non-governmental organizations mobilized data on over 2800 historical trends in national populations of birds, butterflies and mammals, for a total of 273 species. These were combined by habitat and biogeographical region to generate a pilot pan-European scale indicator. The trial indicator suggests a decline of species populations in nearly all habitats, the largest being in farmland, where species populations declined by an average of 23% between 1970 and 2000. The indicator is potentially useful for monitoring progress towards 2010 biodiversity targets, but constraints include: the limited sensitivity of the historical data, which leads to conservative estimates of species decline; a potential danger of ambiguity because increases in opportunistic species can mask the loss of other species; and failure to account for pre-1970 population declines. We recommend mobilizing additional existing data, particularly for plants and fishes, and elaborating further the criteria for compiling representative sets of species. For a frequent, reliable update of the indicator, sound, sensitive and harmonized biodiversity monitoring programmes are needed in all pan-European countries.

Non-Governmental Organizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bloodgood
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
International Ngos

Research on non-governmental organizations (NGOs, often international NGOs, or INGOs) has advanced over the last several decades from demonstrating that NGOs matter in shaping economic development and foreign aid to examining the potential for NGOs to advocate for new rights, set standards for environmental protections, and establish alternative economic arrangements in international relations. The study of NGOs as organizations has opened their potential as interest groups as well as economic actors in their own rights. Moving forward, new data and new theory is needed to fully develop International Political Economy (IPE) understandings of NGO motives, intentions, strategies, and power in global governance.

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