From Paper and Pencil to Computerized

2011 ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
G. Eric Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Paper And Pencil

Computerized testing offers many advantages over paper and pencil exams. Advantages can include increased security, greater availability of the exam, rapid scoring, and reduced administrative costs. Possible disadvantages can include the need for computer hardware and software, computer glitches, and computer anxiety. This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of computerized testing followed by a description of the experience of a state-based dental board as they transitioned from a paper and pencil exam to a computerized exam.

Computerized Testing: The Hidden Figures Test

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Jacobs ◽  
David M. Byrd ◽  
William R. High
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Alternate Form ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Alternate Form Reliability ◽  
Variance Explained

The adaptation of paper-and-pencil tests to computers may be confounded by differences between the medium of paper-and-pencil and computers. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Hidden Figures Test for use on PLATO and determine the alternate-form reliability of the computerized version as compared to the paper-and-pencil version. The HFT is one of the most commonly used tests to measure the cognitive style known as field independence-field dependence. The results showed that the test could be adapted with some modifications and that a significant relationship was found between scores on the two versions of the test, though the total amount of variance explained between the tests was low. The results suggest that the computerized version may be measuring computer anxiety, perception of computer generated figures, and previous experience with a keyboard, as well as the construct under study.

Polymer-Flood Modeling Using Streamlines

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.. R. Thiele ◽  
R.P.. P. Batycky ◽  
S.. Pöllitzer ◽  
T.. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Reservoir Engineering ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Polymer Flood

Summary The successful design of a polymer flood relies on the ability to properly model the in-situ distribution of polymer concentration while accounting for its effects on fluid properties such as increasing water viscosity as a function of polymer concentration and loss of polymer caused by adsorption. Despite advances in numerical techniques and computer hardware, the numerical modeling of polymer floods using Eulerian-based approaches such as finite difference (FD) remains a challenge: Coarse grids tend to excessively smear concentration fronts, masking the true impact of polymers; yet introducing finer grids inevitably leads to excessive run times, making the use of modern reservoir-engineering workflows unrealistic. This problem was already outlined by Lake et al. (1981). We revisit the same problem 30 years later in the context of modern streamline (SL) simulation techniques. We present the extension of modern SL simulation to field-scale polymer flooding, which represents a step change from the hybrid, 2D steady-state models used in the 1970s. We apply well-established physical models for polymer flooding to capture the displacement efficiency in 1D, and couple it with a 3D SL simulator to capture the interpattern sweep efficiency caused by well rates, reservoir architecture, and reservoir heterogeneity. Because modern 3D SL simulators account for changing well rates, nonuniform initial conditions, and gravity, adding polymer functionality means that real-field polymer floods can be modeled efficiently using SLs so as to be useful in modern reservoir-engineering workflows that center on assessing uncertainty and risk associated with design parameters and geological scenarios. In this paper, we proceed to outline the basic architecture of a SL simulator with a polymer option. The physics of polymer flooding is the same as that being used in established FD codes. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the formulation and present numerical experiments in 1D, 2D, and 3D to illustrate our results.

Participation in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Denmark: The prospects for active involvement

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A.L. Wright ◽  
Brian H. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Project Approach ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Nationwide Implementation

Public participation in the form of informing, consulting and actively involving all interested parties is required during the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This paper discusses progress with implementation of the WFD in Denmark and the measures taken to conform to the requirements for public participation. The first aim of the paper is to establish whether enough is being done regarding participation in Denmark, the conclusion being that whilst Denmark is in line with statutory requirements, consultation appears limited whilst evidence of active involvement is lacking. The paper then presents the Danish AGWAPLAN project which actively involved farmers in selecting measures to reduce diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture. The second aim of the paper is to establish whether nationwide implementation of the AGWAPLAN concept is worthwhile. AGWAPLAN resulted in outcomes which could potentially increase the effectiveness of the WFD. Furthermore, the adoption of the project approach would also be one way to satisfy the requirement for active involvement in the Directive. However, some problems exist, relating to time, administrative costs, problems with control and the fact that additional measures to reduce N leaching would be necessary. Whether national implementation is worthwhile requires the weighing up of the advantages and disadvantages of the concept, which is ultimately a political decision.

scholarly journals The definitive VAT system and its impact on tax collection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-166
Author(s):  
Hana Zídková ◽  
Kristýna Balíková
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Member States ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Eu

Value Added Tax (VAT) is a significant source of fiscal revenues in the EU. However, the VAT treatment of cross-border supplies enables large-scale tax frauds, such as the Missing Trader Intra-Community (MTIC), which takes each year billions of euros from Member States' public budgets. In 2016 a definitive VAT system was proposed by the European Commission to respond to the shortcomings of the current temporary system. This new system should reduce the possibilities of MTIC fraud for intra-community transactions through the collection of VAT by the supplier in the same way as for domestic transactions. The tax collection by the supplier would impact the administrative costs of the financial authorities. This paper contributes to the discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the newly suggested system. The analysis focuses on the study of the change in administrative costs and VAT revenues for individual Member States and across the EU. The results are that after implementing the definitive VAT system, total administrative costs of the Member States would increase at least by EUR 107 million, whereas total VAT revenues would rise by EUR 40 billion. This indicates the overall positive impact of the definitive VAT system for the EU. However, individual Member States would not benefit equally. The net exporters, whose intra-community supplies exceed the intra-community acquisitions, would spend more than others for the collection of VAT in connection with the international trade of goods.

scholarly journals Application of pedagogical theories, concepts and teaching methods for intelligent learning systems design

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-321
Author(s):  
Nikolay Nikolaevich Tsybov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Complex Approach

The analysis of intelligent learning systems efficiency revealed a number of contradictions between the capabilities of software-integrated computer hardware facilities and low didactic efficiency of their use. Therefore, when designing intelligent learning systems, the task of researching and analyzing the existing psycho-pedagogical theories, concepts and training methods is still urgent today. The purpose of the paper is to study existing theories, concepts and learning methods for adapting them to automated software-integrated hardware learning facilities. The paper proposes variants of teacher and students adaptation to intelligent learning systems capabilities. Meanwhile, in the process of users adaptation to intelligent learning system by changing the color presentation of information blocks, its possible to gain a chance to influence students psycho-emotional state favorably. The author considers various fonts (words image) application which influence the efficiency of perception and capture of visual information; the author takes into account psycho physiological capacities of human capture of visual information and considers functionality of informing software-integrated hardware facilities, namely: volume and speed of visual information processed; - increasing the sizes of graphic pictures by which a certain person cannot analyze information presented. The methodological basis of the research is a complex application of mutually supportive approaches and methods based on the principles of general scientific methodology. The main approaches were - Person-oriented, system-working and competence-oriented approaches. The analysis of existing theories and concepts has shown that each of the studied educational concepts has its values. The paper considers shortcomings of basic theories and educational concepts from the position of a complex approach to the solution of educational tasks. Thereunder, any of basic applied theories and concepts can be adopted as a single universal educational basis for educational process structuring. A specific emphasis in the paper is aimed at the advantages and disadvantages of the concept of personal-oriented education, which is the most progressive in learning process structuring in authors opinion and which causes more discords of opponents. Using the results of theories and education concepts analysis the author gives recommendations how to design technical requirements to intelligent learning systems. The conditions of feasibility of intellectual learning systems and their didactic values have been formulated. The results of the research can be used in the design of intelligent learning systems for the purpose of selecting a complex of didactic educational tools.

scholarly journals COMPUTER-BASED TESTING: A NECESSARY EVIL OR A SENSIBLE CHOICE?

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Wojciech Malec
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Educational Testing ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Necessary Evil

For many students and teachers working in online environments during the current pandemic crisis, the use of computers for educational testing is often an unavoidable predicament. This may be due to the fact that computer- based materials are not merely a useful addition to the learning and teaching resources, but rather the only option available. However, although in some contexts computers may indeed be a significant hindrance to test developers and test takers alike, they actually offer a number of substantial benefits. It is also worth pointing out that, by and large, educational tests delivered through online platforms with the aim of measuring progress and achievement in learning have a lot in common with traditional paper-based tests. This article is thus an attempt at balancing the advantages and disadvantages of computerized testing with a view to finding out whether this mode of testing can be recommended as the preferred choice. Based mainly on a literature review of research and practice in the area of computerized and online educational testing, the paper provides a synthesis of key issues relevant to using electronic devices for the purpose of constructing, administering, and analyzing tests and assessments. In particular, the discussion focuses on the models of test administration, the merits and demerits of computer-assisted testing, the comparability of paper-based and computer-based test scores, as well as selected features of web-based testing systems, such as text-to-items converters, test generators, full-screen delivery mode, automated scoring (and human verification thereof), score reporting, feedback, as well as quantitative analysis of test scores. The article also puts forward some arguments in favour of developing one’s own testing application.

A Comparison of Validity Rates Between Paper-and-Pencil and Computerized Testing With the MMPI-2

Assessment ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Blazek ◽  
Johnathan D. Forbey
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Paper And Pencil

The Computer Attitude Scale: Assessing Changes in Teachers' Attitudes toward Computers

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond C. Kluever ◽  
Tony C. M. Lam ◽  
Eleanor R. Hoffman ◽  
Kathy E. Green ◽  
Dorothy L. Swearingen
Keyword(s):  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Attitudes Toward Computers ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
Computer Attitude ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Instructional Use ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Teachers Attitudes

Teachers' attitudes toward computers affect their instructional use of computers and likelihood of profiting from training. The reliability, factorial validity, and fit to a unidimensional model of the Computer Attitude Scale (CAS) was investigated. Pretest and posttest results were collected from 265 teachers who participated in training on classroom applications of computer hardware and software. Four factors were identified: computer anxiety, efficiency, liking, and instructional usefulness. Scale reliability was .94 with post-test subscale reliabilities ranging from .70 to .90. Five items did not fit the multidimensional model. The scale is useful as a computer attitude measure but some item revisions might be considered.

Computerized Testing

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Testing ◽  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Testing Material ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Computerized Tests

The National Institute for Personnel Research (NIPR) is in the process of developing a computerized psychological testing system. The programs developed for the system may be divided into four categories: the control programs, the tests, test manuals and statistical procedures. This article concentrates on the tests. The advantages and disadvantages of computerized testing are discussed. Some of the main features of NIPR computerized tests are described. Finally, one of the tests, the Arithmetic Reasoning Test, is described in some detail to illustrate the type of testing material which is being programmed on the system.

scholarly journals The Theory of Insurance Risk Premiums—A Re-Examination in the Light of Recent Developments in Capital Market Theory

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehuda Kahane
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Premium Calculation ◽  
Policy Risk

The premium calculation principle is one of the main objectives of study for actuaries. There seems to be full agreement among the leading theoreticians in the field that the insurance premium should reflect both the expected claims and certain loadings. This is true for policy, risk or portfolio. There are three types of positive loadings: a) a loading to cover commissions, administrative costs and claim-settlement expenses; b) a loading to cover some profit (a cost-plus approach); and c) a loading for the risk taken by the insurer when underwriting the policy. The administrative costs can be considered a part of “expected gross claims”. Thus, the insurer's ratemaking decision depends on his ability to estimate expected claims (including costs) and on the selection of a fair risk loading.The main concern in the literature is the appropriate measurement of the risk and the exact loading formula. Bühlmann [1970, ch. 5] and others identified four possible principles of risk loading, namely, the expected value principle, the standard deviation loading, the variance loading, and the loading according to the principle of constant utility. Various studies point to the advantages and disadvantages of these principles and also examine some additional loading forms—semi-variance, skewness, etc. (e.g., Bühlmann [1970], Benktander [1971], Berger [1972], Burness [1972], Berliner [1974], Berliner and Benktander [1976], Bohman [1976], Cooper [1974], Gerber [1975] and others). Despite different preferences in choosing the appropriate loading calculation principle, all seem to agree that the risk loading must be positive, since, otherwise, the firm would just have to wait for its ruin, that is bound to come sooner or later, according to risk theory.The purpose of this article is to re-examine the appropriate principle of premium calculation in light of the recent developments in the theory of finance and especially in the theory of capital market equilibrium. These developments may suggest a new point of view and raise a few questions regarding the loading rules.

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